Reproductive. L1

Question 1

When does sexual hair appears in females?

Answer 1

~6 months after the breast bud

Age ~10-12

Question 2

What causes female pubic hair growth?

Answer 2

Exposure of hair follicles to androgen

Question 3

When does armpit/ axillary hair develops?

Answer 3

~1 year after pubic hair

Question 4

What hormones stimulate growth in females and males?

Answer 4

Both oestrogen and androgen

Epiphyseal closure( bony ends) is stimulated by oestrogen

Question 5

What is the age of growth for females and males?

Answer 5

Females ~ 11-12

Males: ~13-15

Question 6

What is menarche?

Answer 6

1st menstrual bleed

~12-13

Question 7

When and why does ovulation occur?

Answer 7

after 6-9 months after menarche. because the positive feedback mechanism of oestrogen have not yet developed
Regular ovulatory cycles are established 1-2 years after menarche

Question 8

What is the order of puberty events in males?

Answer 8

1. Change in testes(10-13.5)
2. development of pubic hair( 10-15)
3. Growth of the penis(11-14.5)
   * Spermatogenesis is earlier than ovulation
4. Height spurt

Question 9

first signs of puberty in a male

Answer 9

• Leydig cells enlarge and secrete testosterone, giving rise to increase testicular size
• Elongation and enlargement of the penis begins within a year of testicular enlargement.

Question 10

When does sexual hair growth occur in males?

Answer 10

~ 6 months after the beginning of the testicular enlargement

Axillary hair ~ 18 months later, facial hair later

Question 11

Spermache

Answer 11

• motile sperm in urine at ~13-14 years

- The first ejaculation occurs soon after

Question 12

Why did the age of menstruation decreased over the years?

Answer 12

-able to reach a certain body weight and composition earlier

Question 12

Why did the age of menstruation decreased over the years?

Answer 12

-able to reach a certain body weight and composition earlier

Question 13

precocious puberty

Answer 13

the appearance of physical & hormonal signs of puberty before:
7 yrs in girls
9 yrs in boys
OFten a GnRH dependant problem, often extreme cases due to a hypothalamic tumour

Question 14

Delayed puberty

Answer 14

The lack of appearance of the physical and hormonal signs of puberty:
~13 years in girls
~14 years in boys
Occurs when gonadotropin signals from the pituitary are inadequate for sex steroid hormone secretion

Question 15

Menopause

Answer 15

the consequence of the ovaries running out of follicles, and occurs between 50 and 52 yo. Either no left, or follicles do not respond to stimulation
The last episode of natural mentrstrual bleeding signifies the end of her reproductive life

Question 16

How many follicles is a woman born with?

Answer 16

6-7 million during fetal development
born with 1-2 million
steady decline
with puberty (~400 000)
through to menapause( <1000).

Question 17

what is premenopause?

Answer 17

the period before cycle become irregular

Question 18

What is menopausal transition?

Answer 18

4-5 years

irregular menstruation

Question 19

What is post-menopause?

Answer 19

after the last mestrual bleed

Question 19

What is post-menopause?

Answer 19

after the last mestrual bleed

Question 20

Peri-menopause

Answer 20

time between thee start of menopausal transition and ovarian senescense

Question 21

what is ovarian senescense?

Answer 21

period when ovaries stop producing hormones

Question 22

postmenopausal oestrogen production

Answer 22

-dramatic reduction in oestrogen production. No longer produce oestrodiol. drop to 1/10th of the total oestrogen production
Most women after menopause solely rely on oestrogen(oerstrone) from adipose tissue.
Ovaries are no longer working

Question 23

perimenopausal symptoms

Answer 23

oestrogen deprivation
-Vasomotor
hot flushes
night sweats, panic attacks
-Genitourinary symptoms
vaginal dryness
-Bone metabolism
osteoporosis
-Behavioural/Psychological changes
depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, loss of libido

Most of these symptoms of the menopause may be prevented or arrested
by oestrogen treatment (known as menopausal hormone therapy).

Question 24

what endocrine glands are involved in puberty?

Answer 24

hypothalamus ana pituitary

Question 25

does the reproductive system have the release inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What hormone is released from hypothalamus to pituitary?

Answer 26

Gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)

Question 27

What gonadotropins are produced by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 27

FSH( follicle stimulating hormone)
LH( Leutinising hormone)
These hormones act on the gonads

Question 28

what hormones do gonads produce?

Answer 28

Sex steroid hormones -acts on target tissues

provide negative feedback on hypothalamus and piruitary

Question 29

what is the function of FSH in female?

Answer 29

acts on the ovaries to stimulate the growth and development of gametes.

Question 30

what is the function of FSH in males?

Answer 30

acts on the testes to stimulate the production of gametes