Renal physiology L1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

-Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
-Regulation of blood volume & pressure
-maintenance of blood osmolarity
- Excretion of metabolic waste products (e.g. urea and creatinine) or foreign chemicals (e.g.
pesticides, drugs, or food additives) from the body
-Regulation of blood pH (e.g. via regulation of H+ and HCO3-)
-Regulation of erythrocyte production
-Regulation of hormone production e.g. calcitriol (vitamin D)
-Regulating blood glucose levels

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

-Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
-Regulation of blood volume & pressure
-maintenance of blood osmolarity
- Excretion of metabolic waste products (e.g. urea and creatinine) or foreign chemicals (e.g.
pesticides, drugs, or food additives) from the body
-Regulation of blood pH (e.g. via regulation of H+ and HCO3-)
-Regulation of erythrocyte production
-Regulation of hormone production e.g. calcitriol (vitamin D)
-Regulating blood glucose levels

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3
Q

osmolality vs osmolarity

A

osmolality- the measure of the osmols(Osm) of solute per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg or Osm/kg)

osmolarity- the number of osmoles of solute per liter(L) of solution( osmol/L or Osm/L)

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4
Q

what is the plasma osmolarity?

A

~ 300 mOsmol/L

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5
Q

how does dialysis work?

A

One needle will slowly remove the blood and transfer it to a machine called a dialyzer or dialysis machine. The dialysis machine is made up of a series of membranes that act as filters and a special liquid called dialysate. The membranes filter waste products from your blood, which are passed into the dialysate fluid.

the solution has high solute concentration so water moves across

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6
Q

tonicity

A

takes into account the concentration of the solutes and the ability of the particles to cross a semi-permeable membrane.
the effect that a solution has on the cell

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7
Q

Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic solution

A
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8
Q

what is the effect on dehydration ( loss of water) on the cell?

A

ECF osmolarity increases ECF osmotic pressure rises, which draws water out of the cell-> cell shrinks

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9
Q

what is the effect of excess hydration?

A

ECF osmolarity decreases, ECF osmotic pressure falls-> water moves into the cell

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10
Q

how much of total body weight does water make up in females and males?

A

female ~50 % body weight
males ~ 60% body weight
Infant ~ 65-75%

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11
Q

how much of body fluids do intracellular fluid (ICF) and ECF account for?

A

ICF- 2/3 of the body’s fluids
ECF- 1/3 of the body’s fluids

~20% of extracellular fluid is blood plasma
~80% of ECF is interstitial fluid(between cells)

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12
Q

Body fluid compartment for a 70 kg male

A

60% fluid= 42L
2/3 ICF= 28 L
1/3 ECF= 14 L
(20% plasma= 2.8L)
(80% interstitial= 11.2 L)

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13
Q

how much plasma is in the blood?

A

~55%
Thus is 2.8 L of plasma then 5 L of blood

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14
Q

why maintaining osmolarity is so important?

A

-setting the membrane potential
-generating electrical activity in nerve and muscle
-the initiation of muscle contraction
-providing the energy for the uptake of nutrients and the expulsion of waste products
-generation of intracellular signaling cascades
-Cells need to be at the right osmolarity to function properly

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15
Q

what are the major sources of water intake?

A

-metabolism ( 8%)
-foods(28%)
-beverages( 64%)

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16
Q

how much water approx comes from metabolism?

A

200 ml

17
Q

how much water approx comes from foods?

A

700 ml

18
Q

how much water approx comes from beverages?

A

1600 ml

19
Q

what are the major sources of water output?

A

feces- 4 %
lungs 12 %
Skin 24%
urine 60%

20
Q

what is the kidney blood flow for a 70 kg male?

A

1100 ml/min
360 ml/kg/min

21
Q

how much fluid enters the renal tubules each day?

A

180 L. 32 times the blood volume.

22
Q

in the average adult, the entire extracellular fluid volume is filtered how many times per day?

A

12

23
Q

What is the volume of liquid that is reabsorbed?

A

178.6 L

24
Q

how much urine is produced each day?

A

1.4 L

25
Q

how much (in %) does the kidney receive of the cardiac output at rest?

A

20-25% of the cardiac output
( about twice as much as the brain)

26
Q

what ions have high extracellular concentrations?

A

Na+, Cl-. and Ca2+

27
Q

what ions have high intracellular concentrations?

A

K+

28
Q

what is the concentration gradient for K+, Na+, and Cl-?

A