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aneq 313 > Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants > Flashcards

Reproductive Diseases of Small Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Goats and sheep both respond to reduced daylight, they are?

A

Seasonally polyestrous

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2
Q

What are the 6 S’s of summer ram management?

A
  1. Shear
  2. Shade
  3. Sand
  4. Salt and water
  5. Semen testing
  6. Serology
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3
Q

How many days do rams need to synthesize viable spermatozoa?

A

~50 days

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4
Q

What impact does ram fertility have on flock economic performance?

A
  • Size and uniformity of lamb crop
  • Reduced ram numbers
  • Lambing labor
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5
Q

What does RBSE stand for?

A

Ram breeding soundness exam

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6
Q

What is the goal of RBSE?

A

To identify infertile or subfertile rams for removal from flock

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7
Q

What is a burcellosis infection in rams called?

A

Brucella ovis

Gram negative bacteria

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Brucella ovis?

A

Venereal disease –> can spread to involve most or all the rams in a flock

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brucella ovis?

A
  • Reduced lamb crop
  • Non-uniform lamb crop from repeat breedings
  • Abortion (rare)
  • More rams purchased to cover ewes
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10
Q

How do you detect Brucella ovis?

A
  1. Feel the epididymis
  2. Attempt to culture B. ovis from ram semen
  3. Examine semen for white cells
  4. Serologic testing
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11
Q

What effect do teaser rams have on the flock?

A

Synchronizes ewe estrus
* All in heat at about the same time
* All bred at about the same time (when 1st team rams are turned in)
* All lamb at about the same time

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12
Q

What is the purpose of flushing?

A

To increase the nutrition plane of ewe flock

No documented benefit for well-conditioned ewes

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13
Q

What are the benefits of ultrasound examination for pregnancy?

A
  1. Serves as early indicator of infertile ram. An entire lamb crop can be missed if the ram is infertile
  2. Allows one to cull open ewes. This provides savings on winter feed costs
  3. Can see open ewe lambs –> If sold in the fall, will sell as lamb
  4. Allows for sorting of ewes according to stage of prenancy or by # of fetuses
  5. Can confirm pregnancy for bred ewe sales in the fall and winter

Lamb sells better than mutton in the U.S.

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14
Q

What is the best prevention of abortion in small ruminants?

I think this is important

A

Do not expose pregnant animals to outside animals

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15
Q

What is the campylobacter that affects small ruminants?

There are 2

A
  • Campylobacter fetus fetus
  • Campylobacter jejuni
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16
Q

How is campylobacter transmitted in small ruminants?

A

Trasmitted orally from carrier ewes feces

17
Q

What are clinical signs of Campylobacter?

A
  • Ewes ill before abortion: fever, vaginal discharge, diarrhea
  • Late term abortions: straight/ crimped fleece on fetus, pot-bellied fetuses, lesions

Hepatomegaly: enlarged livers

18
Q

If a disease causes abortions, what should you automatically assume?

I think this is good to know

A

Assume the disease is zoonotic

19
Q

What does treatment for Campylobacter fetus fetus look like?

A
  • Isolate aborting ewes; disinfect ground
  • Initiate antibiotic therapy for remainder of pregnant ewes
  • Consider vaccinating remaining ewes with Campylobacterin fetus fetus bacterin
20
Q

How can you prevent Campylobacter fetus fetus infections?

A
  • Closed flock
  • Vaccinate
  • Feed tetracycline during gestation

Why might you still see signs of Campylobacter even when you feed tetracycline?

21
Q

How would you prevent Campylobacter jejuni?

A
  • Susceptible totylosin, tulathromycin, florfenicol

Resistant to tetracycline

22
Q

What sporozoan parasite causes toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

23
Q

What are some clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Early embryonic death
  • Mixtures of ages in aborted fetses, mummies
  • Late trimester abortions

  • Infection prior to breeding leads to immunity
  • Infection from day 40 - 120 leads to abortion
24
Q

How can you prevent toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Spay/ neuter barn cats
  • Tarp over all hay to be fed to gestating ewes
  • Feed exposed hay to replacement ewes in spring/ summer before first bred
  • Keep grain bins sealed
  • Sweep out feed troughs daily

Parasite more prevalent in young cats

25
Q

What does treatment of toxoplasmosis look like?

A
  • Isolate aborting ewes and disinfect ground

No vaccine available: must use control measures to limit exposure

26
Q

What causes enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)?

A

Chlamydophila abortus

27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of enzootic abortion of ewes?

A

Ingestion of feed contaminated with feces/urogenital fluids of infected ewes

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of EAE?

Enzootic abortion of ewes

A
  • Late trimester abortions
  • Causes severe placentits
  • Ewes may show vvaginal discharge, keratoconjunctivitis at time or or prior to abortion
29
Q

What is necessary for a gross pathologic diagnosis of EAE?

A

Placenta

Fetal changes are non-specific

30
Q

How do you treat EAE?

Enzootic abortion of ewes

A
  • Isolate
  • Disinfect
  • Antibiotic therapy for ewe flock
  • Vaccinate remainder of ewes with EAE bacterin
31
Q

How do you prevent EAE?

Enzootic abortion of ewes

A
  • Closed flock
  • Immunization
  • Tetracycline in feed for ewes during gestation
32
Q

What causes bluetongue virus?

A

Culicoides gnats

33
Q

When does bluetongue virus usually occur?

A

Early in breeding season: late summer/ early fall

34
Q

What are clinical signs of bluetongue virus?

A
  • High fever
  • Vasculitis
  • Abortions: arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly

  • Arthrogryposis: multiple joint contractures (or stiffness)
  • Hydranencephaly: Cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced with sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid
35
Q

How can you prevent bluetongue virus?

A
  • Vaccine (only available in California)
  • Repellants, screens, etc.
  • Shed confinemant at dusk
  • Change breeding to later in fall (after frost)

Prevention is difficult

36
Q

What is abortion protocol for small ruminants?

A
  • Isolate dam, advise on zoonotic potential, disinfect
  • Collect maternal blood samples, freeze semen
  • Doulble-wrap placenta, fetus, label with name and dam’s ID
  • Examine of classical gross lesions (plcentitis, fetal liver lesions); collect fetal thoracic and stomach fluid

What are lesions a sign of?

aneq 313 (14 decks)

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