Bovine Reproductive Diseases Flashcards by Quentin Marbello

What is anestrus?

Failure to exhibit estrus

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What are the characteristics of true anestrus?

Minimal follicular activity
Absences of CL
Under-fed heifers or suckling beef cows
High producing first lactation dairy cows

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What are characteristics of behavioral anestrus?

Estrus not observed
Animal is cycling normally
CL present

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What is more common, true anestrus or behavioral anestrus?

Behavioral anestrus

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What is the most common cause of infertility in AI cattle?

Behavioral anestrus

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Maternal origin of dystocia includes things like…

Anatomical/ pathological defects (fractrued pelvis)
Heifer dam too small (inadequate nutrition, bred too young)
Milk fever (low Ca)
Failure to dilate cervix (heifers)
Uterine torsion

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How can you correct uterine torsion?

Roll (“plank in the flank”)
Correct by hand
Detorsion rod

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Fetal origin of dystocia includes things like…

Oversized fetus
Abnormal disposition (posterior and breech presentation, flexion of limbs, deviation of head)
Twins
Monsters

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What is the #1 cause of dystocia in heifers?

Fetal oversize

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Prolapse of the uterus is predisposed by…

Prolonged calving and/or forced extraction
Straining after calving due to trauma
Hypocalcemia (prevalent in mature dairy cows)
Relaxed, flaccid uterus and perineal region

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What does treatment for prolapsed uterus include?

Antibiotics for ensuing metritis
Calcium (older cows)
Clean uterus: fill trashbags with disinfectant (safe for tissues); remove straw (bedding); epidural

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What is the definition of retained fetal membranes?

Failure of villi to detach from crypts of caruncles
Retention > 12 hrs

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What disesases are associated with retained fetal membranes?

Metritis
Ketosis
LDA
Pyometra

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What is the protocol for retained fetal membranes?

Stay out
* Say out of uterus
Leave
* Leave membranes alone (if obnoxious, trim with scissors)
Watch
* Watch rectal temp (if above 103 degrees, begine treatment for metritis: systemic antibiotics)

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What is the definition of metritis?

< 10 days after calving (usually 2-4)
Large uterus, fluid filled, thin-walled
Infection involoves all layers of uterus

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Should you use intrauterine antibiotics for metritis?

No, anareobic environment; organic debris inhibits many intrauterine antibiotics, and no benefits found in research.

IM or IV antimicrobials work best
Do not use oxytetracycline

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Pyometra is the ____ to endometritis

Sequel

Pyometra: large amounts of pus with CL present

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When should you use parenteral antibiotics?

Use for toxic metritis (temperature > 103 degrees; foul vaginal discharge)
No benefit for metritis without systemic illness

What percentage of abortions (in cattle) are due to infectious causes?

80%

What is the significance of Brucella abortus?

Worldwide distribution
Brucella abortus is a zoonotic disease

What is the pathogenesis of B. abortus?

Oral ingestion from fetuses and membranes –> placentitis –> placental dysfunction –> fetal death
Occurs 7-5 months into gestation (late in gestation)

What does the prevention and contol of B. abortus look like?

Cooperative state/ federal eradication programs
Test/ Cull
Vaccination: Breeding heifers <1 year old

Why should you vaccinate in a brucellosis free state?

Selling heifers to another state
Animal welfare
Human safety

What is the genus and species of the bovine-adapted leptospirosis?

Leptospira hardjo-bovis

What is the significance of L. hardjo-bovis?

* Common zoonotic disease * Worldwide distribution * Losses due to: milk production, reproductive loss, death

What is the pathogenesis of L. hardjo-bovis?

* Ingestion (mucus membranes)--> kidneys/ reproductive tract --> placental penetration --> fetal death * **Usually late gestation** * **EED** * Shed in milk and urine

Why is the diagnosis of L. hardjo-bovis difficult?

* Bacteria hides in kidney, hard to find/detect in pee

What does prevention and control of L. hardjo-bovis involve?

* Vaccination * limit exposure to contaminated water and wildlife

What camplyobacter species can infect humans?

* *Campylobacter fetus* | Enzootic in sheep

Why is *Campylobacter venerealis* not seen in humans?

It is a venereal disease

What is the pathogenesis of *Campylobacter venerealis*?

* **Exposure during breeding** --> invades cervix --> uterus --> endometritis --> placentitis --> EED * Appears as prolonged estrous cycle | Embryo is resrbed which causes cow to return to estrus later ## Footnote Immunity is established after infection

Where does *Campylobacter venerealis* live?

It lives in the crypts of penis/ prepuce, especially in older bulls

What does prevention and control of *Campylobacter venerealis* include?

* Management of bulls (test new bulls; older bulls more likely to carry) * Vaccination of cows/ bulls

What is the significance of *Trichomonas fetus*?

* Worldwide distribution, with increasing incidence in the US * **Causes infertility (EED), occasional abortion** ## Footnote Characterized by repeat breeders, low pregnancy rates, spread out calving season, etc.

What is the pathogenesis of *Trichomonas fetus*?

* Transmitted with sexual contact --> colonization in reproduction tract--> conception occurs --> endometritis/pyometra --> EED ## Footnote Immunity established after infection

What does prevention and control of *Trichomonas fetus* look like?

* Identify carriers and cull * Utilize young bulls * AI * Remove open cows --> carriers ## Footnote All bulls must now be tested on entry or movement in CO

What is the significance of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus?

* Worldspread (endemic) in cattle populations * It is a herpes virus --> latent infections and virus shedding

What is the pathogenesis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

* Contact with respiratory, ocular, or reproductive secretions --> viremia --> placentitis * **Abortions in 2nd or 3rd trimester**

Having a history of respiratory disease and cojunctivitis can indicate what disease? ## Footnote Along with necrotic foci in liver

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

What does prevention and control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis look like?

* Vaccinate non-pregnant animals 1 month prior to breeding * Annual revaccination recommended * MLV can cause abortion | **Do not use modified live vaccine on pregnant animals**

What is the significance of bovine viral diarrhea?

* Worldwide distribution * Persistently infected animals * Spontaneous mutations are common ## Footnote Often goes unseen and makes babes susceptible to may diseases; source of infection

What is the pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea?

* Contact --> viremia --> fetal infection * Time of exposure determines outcome **0 - 90 days: Early pregnancy** * Fetal death (EED or abortion) * Fetal survival PI * Congenital defects **100 - 150 days** * Death and abortion or congenital defects **> 150 days** * Fetus immune, weak or viable calves, poor dooers

Prevention for retained fetal membranes includes?

**Nutritional management of dry cows** * Prevent milk fever * BCS: 3.5 ideal (dairy cows) * Vitamin E/ Se (selenium) **Environment management** * Stress free * Sanitation **Prevent dystocia** * Heifer size * Calving ease sires