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13- SA- Reproduction > Reproductive Disease in Avian and Exotic Species > Flashcards

Reproductive Disease in Avian and Exotic Species Flashcards

1
Q

List 8 clinical signs of a reproductive problem in reptiles

A

lethargy
anorexia
bloated/ distended celomic cavity
dysponea
lamness- mainly tortoises
straining
behaviour changes

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2
Q

List 10 clinical signs of a reproductive problem in birds

A

lethargy
inappetance
bloated
dysponea
seizure
separation from group
lameness
straining
‘fluffed’ up appearance
behaviour changes

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3
Q

List 6 common conditions that affect reptile repro tract

A

prolapse
imapctions
hypocalcaemia
pre-ovulatory ovarian stasis
post-ovulatory egg stasis
neoplasia

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4
Q

What is the first step of treating a prolapse in a reptile

A

identify the prolapsed organ

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5
Q

List 3 organs that get prolapsed in reptiles

A

hemipene
cloaca
uterine

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6
Q

List 7 common causes of prolapses

A

constipation
Endoparasites
Impaction
Egg binding
Egg in the bladder
Cystitis/bladder stones
Traumatic copulation

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7
Q

name one reptile that is an induced ovulator

A

tortoises

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8
Q

Describe what occurs in pre-ovulatory ovarian stasis

A

Ovaries produce follicles but they never ovulate so they increase in volume and size each year  Space occupying effect –> Fatal.

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9
Q

Describe how to treat pre-ovulatory ovarian stasis

A

surgical

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10
Q

Describe how to treat post-ovulatory egg stasis in reptiles

A

surgical, medical or husbandry management

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11
Q

What do you need to identify when treat post-ovulatory egg stasis

A

whether obstructive or non-obstructive

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12
Q

List 4 causes of obstructive dystocia in reptiles

A

Uroliths
Egg/foetus oversize
Pelvic abnormalities
Renomegaly

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13
Q

List 4 causes of non-obstructive dystocia

A

Hypocalcaemia
Inadequate husbandry, diet, nesting site etc.
Poor muscle tone
Dehydration

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14
Q

List 8 common avian repro conditions

A

Sexual frustration
Chronic egg laying
Abnormal eggs
Egg binding
prolapse
Coelomitis (egg yolk peritonitis)
Salpingitis (inflammation of the oviduct)
Neoplasia

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15
Q

in what birds can sexual frustration be a problem in

A

pet parrots who live alone

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16
Q

List 4 things that a bird that is lonely more likely to show

A

excessive regurgitation
feather plucking
jealousy and aggression
excessive egg laying

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17
Q

List 6 ways to prevent sexual frustration in birds

A

share interactions between household
avoid stroking down length of back
avoid certain behaviours e.g. mouth to beak feeding
Do not positively reinforce courtship behaviours e.g. regurgitation
Remove mirrors in their cage so they cannot self-bond.
Keeping them as a pair (depending on species)

18
Q

what birds is chronic egg laying common in

A

captive cockatiels , lovebirds and budgies

19
Q

List 5 things that chronic egg laying can lead to

A

Uterine inertia
Calcium depletion
Egg binding
Yolk coelomitis
Osteoporosis

20
Q

List 5 predisposing factors of avian chronic egg laying

A

Increased photoperiod
Food type (e.g. high fat)
Presence of actual or perceived mates
Toys, owners, mirrors, other birds
Short-circuit in the reproductive hard-wiring

21
Q

List 5 common causes of egg binding in birds

A

malformed eggs
chronic egg laying
systemic disease
lack of exercise
genetic predsposition

22
Q

List 4 things that avian egg binding can lead to

A

circulatory disorders
lameness
pressure necrosis of the oviduct
Metabolic disturbances by interfering with normal defecation and micturition, and cause ileus and renal disease.

23
Q

What is Coelomitis

A

Inflammation of the celomic cavity (mammal equivalent is peritonitis).
Celomic cavity because fluid filled

24
Q

List 4 common causes of coelomitis

A

ectopic eggs
ovarian neoplasia
cystic ovarian disease
oviductal disease e.g. salpingitis

25
Q

What happens to total calcium levels in female birds and reptiles when they are reproductively active

A

increased

26
Q

What do you see on radiography with Pre-Ovulatory Ovarian Stasis

A

lateral view shows reduced lung field but no eggs

27
Q

What do you see on bloods with Pre-Ovulatory Ovarian Stasis

A

increased total calcium (causes you to suspect a reproductive cause)

28
Q

What do you see on ultrasound with Pre-Ovulatory Ovarian Stasis

A

via prefemoral fossa, can visualise follicles (or CT scan).

29
Q

Describe how to diagnose post-ovulatory egg stasis

A

radiograph- will see the eggs

30
Q

Decsribe how to diagnose coelomitis

A

history of prior egg laying
distended abdomen
Radiograph: fluid filled/soft tissue density throughout the celomic cavity.
Celomic aspirate showed a large volume of cloudy fluid with evidence of egg yolk.

31
Q

Decsribe how to treat prolapses in birds/reptiles

A

Lubricate and replace or amputate prolapses, can place stay sutures to prevent future prolapses. + treat underlying cause!

32
Q

what does a salpingotomy do

A

remove eggs only (can breed again)

is a possible treatment of post-ovulatory egg stasis/ egg binding

33
Q

what does Ovariosalpingectomy remove

A

remove oviduct and ovaries

is a possible treatment of post-ovulatory egg stasis/ egg binding

34
Q

what is an ovocentesis

A

Needle is inserted into an egg and its contents aspirated under GA (via cloaca or percutaneous
then manually move the egg

possible treatment of post-ovulatory egg stasis / egg binding

35
Q

List 4 potenital husbandry corretions for reptiles

A

correct dietary deficiencies
correct temp and humidity
bathe and keep hydrated
Ensure access to an appropriate substrate/ nesting site for the species

36
Q

List 6 possible husbandry corrections for birds

A

Decrease photoperiod (8-10 hrs)
Remove real/perceived mates.
Prevent nesting by removing all shredable/nesting material
Reduce the amount and calorie(fat) content of food
Increase exercise and foraging time
Stop stroking and petting and mouth to mouth actions

37
Q

do we routinely neuter reptiles

A

No
outside breeding seasons repro tract hard to find
husbandry key to healthy repro

38
Q

where are the ovaries attached in the bird

A

to the dorsal abdominal wall, the cranial renal artery and the common iliac vein overlay them

39
Q

how are birds ‘neutered’

A

not surgically
generally done via hormone impalnts

40
Q

T/F castrating a cockerel is legal in the UK

A

False

13- SA- Reproduction (16 decks)

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