Penile, testicular and prostatic disease Flashcards by Helen West

List 6 common testicular/ scrotal diseases

testicular tumours
abnormal testicular descent
testicular degeneration
torsion of spermatic cord
orchitis
Inguinal hernia

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List 3 common testicular tumour types

Leydig cell tumour
Sertoli cell tumour
Seminoma

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List 3 signs that testicular tumour is producing oestrogen

preputial swelling
male atractiveness
bilaterally symmetrical non-purritic alopecia

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List 2 ways to diagnose testicular tumours

Clinical information, palpation, ultrasonography
Cornification of preputial epithelial cells

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Describe how to treat testicular tumours

Hemi-castration or catration

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Describe one way to check if animal has been previously castrated

Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG

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what is Cryptorchidism

hidden testicle - unilateral or bilateral

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when do testes normally descend

10 days after birth

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what is a problem with Cryptorchidism

retained abdominal testicle is more likely to become neoplastic
is genetic

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Describe how to surgically approach removing retained testes

to look dorsal to bladder for vas deferens then follow these to the testis

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what is testicular degeneration

Testes develops normally and has normal function but following an ‘insult’, fibrosis and degeneration occur
can cause semen quality to deteriorate

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List 7 possible causes of testicular degeneration

High temperature / Local inflammation
Vascular lesions
Drugs
Endogenous hormones (tumours)
Exogenous hormones
Toxins
Auto-immune disease

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List 8 penile/ preputial diseases in dogs

Preputial discharge
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Balanoposthitis
Posthitis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Priapism
Canine herpes virus infection
Penile trauma

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what preputial discharge is normal

muco-purulent

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what is the most common cause of pathological prepubital discharge

aerobic bacteria- usually normal commensals
but could be caused by Brucella Canis

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Describe how to treat preputial discharge in dogs

flushing with saline
Antimicrobial or weak antiseptic solutions
parenteral drug administration has little value

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Describe lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs

Raised nodule-like lesions on at the base of the penis, or preputial lining
Normally pale in colour and firm (not vesicular)

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Describe how to treat lymphoid hyperplasia

requires no treatment

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Describe how to differentiate lymphoid hyperplasia from canine herpes virus

CHV= normally vesicular and red
lymphoid= Firm and pale in colour

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What is Balanoposthitis

Inflammation of the penis (balanitis) and prepucial lining (posthitis)
Usually associated with moist prepuce tip
Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

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Describe how to manage Balanoposthitis

cone on dog
topical cleaning
local antiseptic

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what is Balanitis

inflammation of penis

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Describe Phimosis

Abnormally small preputial orifice
Congenital or the result of trauma or inflammation

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List 4 signs of Phimosis

narrow stream of urine
urine pooling within prepuce
may cause balanoposthitis
unable to copulate

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Describe how to treat Phimosis

Preputical wedge resection is normally curative

What is Paraphimosis

failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce Penis may become dry and necrotic

Describe how to treat paraphimosis

Ensure that there is ability to urinate According to cause - Prepucial wedge resection - Removal of hair - Preputial advancement - Penile amputation

List 4 causes of paraphimosis

Small preputial orifice Inversion of the preputial skin / hair Hair ring (tom cat) Short prepuce

What is Azoospermia

Apparently normal ejaculation but contains no sperm so usually clear fluid

List 3 possible causes of azoospermia

not producing sperm incomplete ejaculation obstructive azoospermia - obstruction of the vas

If you get a sperm sample with no sperm in it what should you look at to tell if dog fully ejaculated

look at AP - alkaline phosphatase AP- is produced in epeididymis so if have high AP and sample with no sperm the dog did ejaculate

List 5 things you can assess via rectal palpation in male dog

gland size pain moveability sub lumbar LN other structures (rectal wall, pelvic wall)

List 10 diagnostic techniques for the prostate gland

Rectal palpation Ultrasonography Semen evaluation Radiography Prostatic massage Urine analysis Prostatic aspiration Prostatic biopsy Haematology Blood culture

what do we look at during semen evaluation

colour cellular content bacteriology

What is a common sequelae to prostatitis

lower urinary tract infection

what is the most common prostate disease in dogs

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

List 3 things that you see with benign prostatic hyperplasia

faecal tenesmus haematuria haemospermia

List the what we find on rectal palpation with benign prostatic hyperplasia

symmetrical freely mobile non-painful

List what we find on radiography with benign prostatic hyperplasia

prostatomegaly dorsal displacement of colon cranial displacement of bladder narrowed prostatic urethra urinary retention

List what we find on US with beingn prostatic hyperplasia

prostatomegaly hyperechoic regions narrowed prostatic urethra small cystic lesions

what will we see on semen evaluation with benign prostatic hyperplasia

normal except haemospermia

what will we see on prostatic aspiration with benign prostatic hyperplasia

normal prostatic epithelial cells

Describe how to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

castration or if owner doesn't want to: - progestogens - GnRH depot agonist

which dogs most commonly get acute bacterial prostatitis

young adult dogs

what pathogen generally causes acute bacterial prostatitis

ascending infection commonly E. coli

List the clinical signs of acute bacterial prostatitis

systemic illness with V+ and caudal abdominal pain

What do we find on rectal palpation with acute bacterial prostatitis

asymmetrical moveable associated with great pain

What do we find on radiography with acute bacterial prostatitis

normal size or marginally increased loss of detail in caudal abdomen indicating local peritonitis

What do we find on ultrasound with acute bacterial prostatitis

large hypoechochoic / marbled sub-capsular oedema

What do we find on semen evaluation with acute bacterial prostatitis

usually not capable of producing an ejaculate

Describe how to treat acute bacterial prostatitis

3-4 week AB therapy Urinalysis and examination of prostatic fluid to ensure that does not become chronic infection Castration

what form when a dog hos chronic bacterial prostatitis

same as acute but often have micro-abscesses and diffuse inflammation

What are the 2 types of prostatic cysts

parenchymal retention cysts cystic uterus masculinus

where do Parenchymal retention cysts of the prostate originate

Start within the parenchyma of the prostate, causing distortion of its outline

where do Cystic uterus masculinus of the prostate originate

Originate adjacent to the prostate gland but attached by a thin stalk

Describe how to treat prostatic cysts

castration surgical excision +/- omentalisation

what is the most common prostate neoplasia

adenocarcinoma

What do you find on rectal palpation with prostatic neoplasia

usually large and painful may be sub-lumbar swelling

What do you find on radiography with prostatic neoplasia

prostatomegaly sub-lumbar swelling vertebral involvement

What do you find on ultrasound with prostatic neoplasia

disruption of normal architecture areas of increased echogenicity areas of fluid accumulation

Describe how to treat prostatic neoplasia

Palliative hormonal treatments- e.g. GnRH Depot Agonist or Progestogens NSAID’s (Intra-operative radiation treatment) (Prostatectomy)

why will castration not help prostatic neoplasia

because not linked to the testicles- occur in the prostate which is in the same place