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13- SA- Reproduction > Penile, testicular and prostatic disease > Flashcards

Penile, testicular and prostatic disease Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 common testicular/ scrotal diseases

A

testicular tumours
abnormal testicular descent
testicular degeneration
torsion of spermatic cord
orchitis
Inguinal hernia

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2
Q

List 3 common testicular tumour types

A

Leydig cell tumour
Sertoli cell tumour
Seminoma

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3
Q

List 3 signs that testicular tumour is producing oestrogen

A

preputial swelling
male atractiveness
bilaterally symmetrical non-purritic alopecia

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4
Q

List 2 ways to diagnose testicular tumours

A

Clinical information, palpation, ultrasonography
Cornification of preputial epithelial cells

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5
Q

Describe how to treat testicular tumours

A

Hemi-castration or catration

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6
Q

Describe one way to check if animal has been previously castrated

A

Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG

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7
Q

what is Cryptorchidism

A

hidden testicle - unilateral or bilateral

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8
Q

when do testes normally descend

A

10 days after birth

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9
Q

what is a problem with Cryptorchidism

A

retained abdominal testicle is more likely to become neoplastic
is genetic

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10
Q

Describe how to surgically approach removing retained testes

A

to look dorsal to bladder for vas deferens then follow these to the testis

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11
Q

what is testicular degeneration

A

Testes develops normally and has normal function but following an ‘insult’, fibrosis and degeneration occur
can cause semen quality to deteriorate

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12
Q

List 7 possible causes of testicular degeneration

A

High temperature / Local inflammation
Vascular lesions
Drugs
Endogenous hormones (tumours)
Exogenous hormones
Toxins
Auto-immune disease

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13
Q

List 8 penile/ preputial diseases in dogs

A

Preputial discharge
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Balanoposthitis
Posthitis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Priapism
Canine herpes virus infection
Penile trauma

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14
Q

what preputial discharge is normal

A

muco-purulent

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15
Q

what is the most common cause of pathological prepubital discharge

A

aerobic bacteria- usually normal commensals
but could be caused by Brucella Canis

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16
Q

Describe how to treat preputial discharge in dogs

A

flushing with saline
Antimicrobial or weak antiseptic solutions
parenteral drug administration has little value

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17
Q

Describe lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs

A

Raised nodule-like lesions on at the base of the penis, or preputial lining
Normally pale in colour and firm (not vesicular)

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18
Q

Describe how to treat lymphoid hyperplasia

A

requires no treatment

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19
Q

Describe how to differentiate lymphoid hyperplasia from canine herpes virus

A

CHV= normally vesicular and red
lymphoid= Firm and pale in colour

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20
Q

What is Balanoposthitis

A

Inflammation of the penis (balanitis) and prepucial lining (posthitis)
Usually associated with moist prepuce tip
Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

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21
Q

Describe how to manage Balanoposthitis

A

cone on dog
topical cleaning
local antiseptic

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22
Q

what is Balanitis

A

inflammation of penis

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23
Q

Describe Phimosis

A

Abnormally small preputial orifice
Congenital or the result of trauma or inflammation

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24
Q

List 4 signs of Phimosis

A

narrow stream of urine
urine pooling within prepuce
may cause balanoposthitis
unable to copulate

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25
Q

Describe how to treat Phimosis

A

Preputical wedge resection is normally curative

26
Q

What is Paraphimosis

A

failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce
Penis may become dry and necrotic

27
Q

Describe how to treat paraphimosis

A

Ensure that there is ability to urinate

According to cause
- Prepucial wedge resection
- Removal of hair
- Preputial advancement
- Penile amputation

28
Q

List 4 causes of paraphimosis

A

Small preputial orifice
Inversion of the preputial skin / hair
Hair ring (tom cat)
Short prepuce

29
Q

What is Azoospermia

A

Apparently normal ejaculation but contains no sperm so usually clear fluid

30
Q

List 3 possible causes of azoospermia

A

not producing sperm
incomplete ejaculation
obstructive azoospermia - obstruction of the vas

31
Q

If you get a sperm sample with no sperm in it what should you look at to tell if dog fully ejaculated

A

look at AP - alkaline phosphatase
AP- is produced in epeididymis
so if have high AP and sample with no sperm the dog did ejaculate

32
Q

List 5 things you can assess via rectal palpation in male dog

A

gland size
pain
moveability
sub lumbar LN
other structures (rectal wall, pelvic wall)

33
Q

List 10 diagnostic techniques for the prostate gland

A

Rectal palpation
Ultrasonography
Semen evaluation
Radiography
Prostatic massage
Urine analysis
Prostatic aspiration
Prostatic biopsy
Haematology
Blood culture

34
Q

what do we look at during semen evaluation

A

colour
cellular content
bacteriology

35
Q

What is a common sequelae to prostatitis

A

lower urinary tract infection

36
Q

what is the most common prostate disease in dogs

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

37
Q

List 3 things that you see with benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

faecal tenesmus
haematuria
haemospermia

38
Q

List the what we find on rectal palpation with benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

symmetrical
freely mobile
non-painful

39
Q

List what we find on radiography with benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

prostatomegaly
dorsal displacement of colon
cranial displacement of bladder
narrowed prostatic urethra
urinary retention

40
Q

List what we find on US with beingn prostatic hyperplasia

A

prostatomegaly
hyperechoic regions
narrowed prostatic urethra
small cystic lesions

41
Q

what will we see on semen evaluation with benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

normal except haemospermia

42
Q

what will we see on prostatic aspiration with benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

normal prostatic epithelial cells

43
Q

Describe how to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

castration
or if owner doesn’t want to:
- progestogens
- GnRH depot agonist

44
Q

which dogs most commonly get acute bacterial prostatitis

A

young adult dogs

45
Q

what pathogen generally causes acute bacterial prostatitis

A

ascending infection commonly E. coli

46
Q

List the clinical signs of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

systemic illness with V+ and caudal abdominal pain

47
Q

What do we find on rectal palpation with acute bacterial prostatitis

A

asymmetrical
moveable associated with great pain

48
Q

What do we find on radiography with acute bacterial prostatitis

A

normal size or marginally increased
loss of detail in caudal abdomen indicating local peritonitis

49
Q

What do we find on ultrasound with acute bacterial prostatitis

A

large
hypoechochoic / marbled
sub-capsular oedema

50
Q

What do we find on semen evaluation with acute bacterial prostatitis

A

usually not capable of producing an ejaculate

51
Q

Describe how to treat acute bacterial prostatitis

A

3-4 week AB therapy
Urinalysis and examination of prostatic fluid to ensure that does not become chronic infection
Castration

52
Q

what form when a dog hos chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

same as acute
but often have micro-abscesses and diffuse inflammation

53
Q

What are the 2 types of prostatic cysts

A

parenchymal retention cysts
cystic uterus masculinus

54
Q

where do Parenchymal retention cysts
of the prostate originate

A

Start within the parenchyma of the prostate, causing distortion of its outline

55
Q

where do Cystic uterus masculinus of the prostate originate

A

Originate adjacent to the prostate gland but attached by a thin stalk

56
Q

Describe how to treat prostatic cysts

A

castration
surgical excision
+/- omentalisation

57
Q

what is the most common prostate neoplasia

A

adenocarcinoma

58
Q

What do you find on rectal palpation with prostatic neoplasia

A

usually large and painful
may be sub-lumbar swelling

59
Q

What do you find on radiography with prostatic neoplasia

A

prostatomegaly
sub-lumbar swelling
vertebral involvement

60
Q

What do you find on ultrasound with prostatic neoplasia

A

disruption of normal architecture
areas of increased echogenicity
areas of fluid accumulation

61
Q

Describe how to treat prostatic neoplasia

A

Palliative hormonal treatments- e.g. GnRH Depot Agonist or Progestogens
NSAID’s
(Intra-operative radiation treatment)
(Prostatectomy)

62
Q

why will castration not help prostatic neoplasia

A

because not linked to the testicles- occur in the prostate which is in the same place

13- SA- Reproduction (16 decks)

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