Penile, testicular and prostatic disease Flashcards
List 6 common testicular/ scrotal diseases
testicular tumours
abnormal testicular descent
testicular degeneration
torsion of spermatic cord
orchitis
Inguinal hernia
List 3 common testicular tumour types
Leydig cell tumour
Sertoli cell tumour
Seminoma
List 3 signs that testicular tumour is producing oestrogen
preputial swelling
male atractiveness
bilaterally symmetrical non-purritic alopecia
List 2 ways to diagnose testicular tumours
Clinical information, palpation, ultrasonography
Cornification of preputial epithelial cells
Describe how to treat testicular tumours
Hemi-castration or catration
Describe one way to check if animal has been previously castrated
Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG
what is Cryptorchidism
hidden testicle - unilateral or bilateral
when do testes normally descend
10 days after birth
what is a problem with Cryptorchidism
retained abdominal testicle is more likely to become neoplastic
is genetic
Describe how to surgically approach removing retained testes
to look dorsal to bladder for vas deferens then follow these to the testis
what is testicular degeneration
Testes develops normally and has normal function but following an ‘insult’, fibrosis and degeneration occur
can cause semen quality to deteriorate
List 7 possible causes of testicular degeneration
High temperature / Local inflammation
Vascular lesions
Drugs
Endogenous hormones (tumours)
Exogenous hormones
Toxins
Auto-immune disease
List 8 penile/ preputial diseases in dogs
Preputial discharge
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Balanoposthitis
Posthitis
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Priapism
Canine herpes virus infection
Penile trauma
what preputial discharge is normal
muco-purulent
what is the most common cause of pathological prepubital discharge
aerobic bacteria- usually normal commensals
but could be caused by Brucella Canis
Describe how to treat preputial discharge in dogs
flushing with saline
Antimicrobial or weak antiseptic solutions
parenteral drug administration has little value
Describe lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs
Raised nodule-like lesions on at the base of the penis, or preputial lining
Normally pale in colour and firm (not vesicular)
Describe how to treat lymphoid hyperplasia
requires no treatment
Describe how to differentiate lymphoid hyperplasia from canine herpes virus
CHV= normally vesicular and red
lymphoid= Firm and pale in colour
What is Balanoposthitis
Inflammation of the penis (balanitis) and prepucial lining (posthitis)
Usually associated with moist prepuce tip
Overgrowth of commensal bacteria
Describe how to manage Balanoposthitis
cone on dog
topical cleaning
local antiseptic
what is Balanitis
inflammation of penis
Describe Phimosis
Abnormally small preputial orifice
Congenital or the result of trauma or inflammation
List 4 signs of Phimosis
narrow stream of urine
urine pooling within prepuce
may cause balanoposthitis
unable to copulate
Describe how to treat Phimosis
Preputical wedge resection is normally curative
What is Paraphimosis
failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce
Penis may become dry and necrotic
Describe how to treat paraphimosis
Ensure that there is ability to urinate
According to cause
- Prepucial wedge resection
- Removal of hair
- Preputial advancement
- Penile amputation
List 4 causes of paraphimosis
Small preputial orifice
Inversion of the preputial skin / hair
Hair ring (tom cat)
Short prepuce
What is Azoospermia
Apparently normal ejaculation but contains no sperm so usually clear fluid
List 3 possible causes of azoospermia
not producing sperm
incomplete ejaculation
obstructive azoospermia - obstruction of the vas
If you get a sperm sample with no sperm in it what should you look at to tell if dog fully ejaculated
look at AP - alkaline phosphatase
AP- is produced in epeididymis
so if have high AP and sample with no sperm the dog did ejaculate
List 5 things you can assess via rectal palpation in male dog
gland size
pain
moveability
sub lumbar LN
other structures (rectal wall, pelvic wall)
List 10 diagnostic techniques for the prostate gland
Rectal palpation
Ultrasonography
Semen evaluation
Radiography
Prostatic massage
Urine analysis
Prostatic aspiration
Prostatic biopsy
Haematology
Blood culture
what do we look at during semen evaluation
colour
cellular content
bacteriology
What is a common sequelae to prostatitis
lower urinary tract infection
what is the most common prostate disease in dogs
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
List 3 things that you see with benign prostatic hyperplasia
faecal tenesmus
haematuria
haemospermia
List the what we find on rectal palpation with benign prostatic hyperplasia
symmetrical
freely mobile
non-painful
List what we find on radiography with benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostatomegaly
dorsal displacement of colon
cranial displacement of bladder
narrowed prostatic urethra
urinary retention
List what we find on US with beingn prostatic hyperplasia
prostatomegaly
hyperechoic regions
narrowed prostatic urethra
small cystic lesions
what will we see on semen evaluation with benign prostatic hyperplasia
normal except haemospermia
what will we see on prostatic aspiration with benign prostatic hyperplasia
normal prostatic epithelial cells
Describe how to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
castration
or if owner doesn’t want to:
- progestogens
- GnRH depot agonist
which dogs most commonly get acute bacterial prostatitis
young adult dogs
what pathogen generally causes acute bacterial prostatitis
ascending infection commonly E. coli
List the clinical signs of acute bacterial prostatitis
systemic illness with V+ and caudal abdominal pain
What do we find on rectal palpation with acute bacterial prostatitis
asymmetrical
moveable associated with great pain
What do we find on radiography with acute bacterial prostatitis
normal size or marginally increased
loss of detail in caudal abdomen indicating local peritonitis
What do we find on ultrasound with acute bacterial prostatitis
large
hypoechochoic / marbled
sub-capsular oedema
What do we find on semen evaluation with acute bacterial prostatitis
usually not capable of producing an ejaculate
Describe how to treat acute bacterial prostatitis
3-4 week AB therapy
Urinalysis and examination of prostatic fluid to ensure that does not become chronic infection
Castration
what form when a dog hos chronic bacterial prostatitis
same as acute
but often have micro-abscesses and diffuse inflammation
What are the 2 types of prostatic cysts
parenchymal retention cysts
cystic uterus masculinus
where do Parenchymal retention cysts
of the prostate originate
Start within the parenchyma of the prostate, causing distortion of its outline
where do Cystic uterus masculinus of the prostate originate
Originate adjacent to the prostate gland but attached by a thin stalk
Describe how to treat prostatic cysts
castration
surgical excision
+/- omentalisation
what is the most common prostate neoplasia
adenocarcinoma
What do you find on rectal palpation with prostatic neoplasia
usually large and painful
may be sub-lumbar swelling
What do you find on radiography with prostatic neoplasia
prostatomegaly
sub-lumbar swelling
vertebral involvement
What do you find on ultrasound with prostatic neoplasia
disruption of normal architecture
areas of increased echogenicity
areas of fluid accumulation
Describe how to treat prostatic neoplasia
Palliative hormonal treatments- e.g. GnRH Depot Agonist or Progestogens
NSAID’s
(Intra-operative radiation treatment)
(Prostatectomy)
why will castration not help prostatic neoplasia
because not linked to the testicles- occur in the prostate which is in the same place
