Intro to SA repro Flashcards
why do we not use oestrogen to supress the reproductive axis in females
would cause animal to show oestrus behaviour
also supresses bone marrow
List the methods of oestrus control in small animal
progestogen
GnRH superagonist
describe how GnRH superagonist works to control oestrus
implant that is placed every 6-12 months
describe how progestogen controls oestrus in small animals
single dose injected in anoestrus or prooestrus
describe the bitch oestrus cycle
mon-oestrus (interval 7 months)
is a spontaneous ovulator
obligatory long luteal phase similar to pregnancy
What does prolactin do?
supports the CL in the bitch- to increase progesterone secretion
Describe the oestrus cycle in queen
seasonal (long- day breeder= don’t cycle over winter)
polyoestrous
induced ovulatory- no luteal unless ovulation
Cyclicity differs if ovulates or doesn’t ovulate
describe the cyclicity of a queen
Queen typical induced ovulator
- New follicular wave develops a few weeks later
- Average interval is 16 to 21 days
describe how ovulation occurs in queens
induced ovulators
need to reach a LH threshold- this can be affected by number of mating’s, and they day in the cycle when she is mated
If a cat does not ovulate when do you expect the next oestrus to be
2-3 weeks later
If a cat ovulates when do you expect the next oestrus to be
roughly 45 days later
what is different about dogs when they ovulate
oocyte that is ovulated is immature- need to mature before can be fertilised
the exact day of ovulation is very variable
List the options for optimising breeding time in dogs
Repeated sampling for progesterone starting on Day 7 and looking for an increase
vaginal cytology
vaginoscopy
behaviour- not relaible
vulval swelling- not reliable
what are we looking for on vaginal cytology to decide when to breed bitch
80% anuclear cells
decribe how to optimise breeding timing in queens
ensure breeding on correct day- day 3
ensure multiple breedings in short period of time
Possibly could consider inducing ovulation using hCG or GnRH (this requires the queen to be in oestrus so often these are given at the time of mating or immediately after mating)
List 5 methods we can use to examine the repro tract
Clinical history
Previous breeding records
Venereal pathogen screening
General clinical examination
Specific reproductive examination
what is the only veneral pathogen of dogs
Brucella canis
has now been identified in the UK
when can vulval discharge normal in dogs
proestrus/ oestrus
common during pregnancy in dogs
T/F routine venereal screening important in dogs
False
especially if bitch is clinically normal
what does canine herpes virus cause
causes vesicular lesions in the genital tract of dogs and bitches
can cause: reabsorption, abortion, stillbirths
when is canine herpes virus vaccinated against
given twice during pregnancy to protect litter
List 4 viruses that can cause abortion in dogs
canine herpes virus
canine parvovirus
canine adeonvirus
canine distemper virus
Describe what makes up a general repro clinical exam
look at:
perineum and vulva
mammary glands
digital exam of vagina
what are we looking for with vaginal cytology
anuclear cells- increase around the time of ovulation
how is oestrogen linked to anuclear cells
Elevated plasma oestrogen causes epithelial proliferation
Epithelium changes from cuboidal to stratified squamous
As oestrogen increases the more anuclear cells there are
describe what the uterus looks like on ultrasound
The uterus is positioned dorsal to the bladder
- Tubular in sagittal plane
- Circular in transverse plane
Appearance varies according to stage of the oestrous cycle
at what point can we use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in bitch
day 20 after ovulation - but normally day 28 from mating
at what point does mineralisation of skeleton occur in the bitch
day 45
describe how to detect fetal death on x-ray in bitch
loss of normal posture
accumulation of gas in fetus/ uterus
overlapping of skull bones
T/F normal uterus can be seen on plain radiograph
False
what can we seen on x-ray which suggests a repro problem
generally just soft tissue opacity causing displacement of other organs- won’t see fetus until after day 45
when do progesterone levels decrease dramatically in the bitch
right before parturition
what test would we perform to test for presence of the ovary- in dog
hCG stim test
what test would you perform to confirm presence of ovary and pituitary- in dog
GnRH stim test
describe how to test for ovaries in cats
In Oestrous Cats by induction of ovulation
- hCG Stimulation Test
- GnRH Stimulation Test
Both will induce ovulation so that elevation of progesterone can then be detected
