Intro to SA repro

Question 1

why do we not use oestrogen to supress the reproductive axis in females

Answer 1

would cause animal to show oestrus behaviour
also supresses bone marrow

Question 2

List the methods of oestrus control in small animal

Answer 2

progestogen
GnRH superagonist

Question 3

describe how GnRH superagonist works to control oestrus

Answer 3

implant that is placed every 6-12 months

Question 3

describe how progestogen controls oestrus in small animals

Answer 3

single dose injected in anoestrus or prooestrus

Question 4

describe the bitch oestrus cycle

Answer 4

mon-oestrus (interval 7 months)
is a spontaneous ovulator
obligatory long luteal phase similar to pregnancy

Question 5

What does prolactin do?

Answer 5

supports the CL in the bitch- to increase progesterone secretion

Question 6

Describe the oestrus cycle in queen

Answer 6

seasonal (long- day breeder= don’t cycle over winter)
polyoestrous
induced ovulatory- no luteal unless ovulation
Cyclicity differs if ovulates or doesn’t ovulate

Question 7

describe the cyclicity of a queen

Answer 7

Queen typical induced ovulator
- New follicular wave develops a few weeks later
- Average interval is 16 to 21 days

Question 8

describe how ovulation occurs in queens

Answer 8

induced ovulators
need to reach a LH threshold- this can be affected by number of mating’s, and they day in the cycle when she is mated

Question 9

If a cat does not ovulate when do you expect the next oestrus to be

Answer 9

2-3 weeks later

Question 10

If a cat ovulates when do you expect the next oestrus to be

Answer 10

roughly 45 days later

Question 11

what is different about dogs when they ovulate

Answer 11

oocyte that is ovulated is immature- need to mature before can be fertilised
the exact day of ovulation is very variable

Question 12

List the options for optimising breeding time in dogs

Answer 12

Repeated sampling for progesterone starting on Day 7 and looking for an increase
vaginal cytology
vaginoscopy
behaviour- not relaible
vulval swelling- not reliable

Question 13

what are we looking for on vaginal cytology to decide when to breed bitch

Answer 13

80% anuclear cells

Question 14

decribe how to optimise breeding timing in queens

Answer 14

ensure breeding on correct day- day 3
ensure multiple breedings in short period of time
Possibly could consider inducing ovulation using hCG or GnRH (this requires the queen to be in oestrus so often these are given at the time of mating or immediately after mating)

Question 15

List 5 methods we can use to examine the repro tract

Answer 15

Clinical history
Previous breeding records
Venereal pathogen screening
General clinical examination
Specific reproductive examination

Question 16

what is the only veneral pathogen of dogs

Answer 16

Brucella canis
has now been identified in the UK

Question 17

when can vulval discharge normal in dogs

Answer 17

proestrus/ oestrus
common during pregnancy in dogs

Question 18

T/F routine venereal screening important in dogs

Answer 18

False
especially if bitch is clinically normal

Question 19

what does canine herpes virus cause

Answer 19

causes vesicular lesions in the genital tract of dogs and bitches
can cause: reabsorption, abortion, stillbirths

Question 20

when is canine herpes virus vaccinated against

Answer 20

given twice during pregnancy to protect litter

Question 21

List 4 viruses that can cause abortion in dogs

Answer 21

canine herpes virus
canine parvovirus
canine adeonvirus
canine distemper virus

Question 22

Describe what makes up a general repro clinical exam

Answer 22

look at:
perineum and vulva
mammary glands
digital exam of vagina

Question 23

what are we looking for with vaginal cytology

Answer 23

anuclear cells- increase around the time of ovulation

Question 24

how is oestrogen linked to anuclear cells

Answer 24

Elevated plasma oestrogen causes epithelial proliferation
Epithelium changes from cuboidal to stratified squamous
As oestrogen increases the more anuclear cells there are

Question 25

describe what the uterus looks like on ultrasound

Answer 25

The uterus is positioned dorsal to the bladder
- Tubular in sagittal plane
- Circular in transverse plane
Appearance varies according to stage of the oestrous cycle

Question 26

at what point can we use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in bitch

Answer 26

day 20 after ovulation - but normally day 28 from mating

Question 27

at what point does mineralisation of skeleton occur in the bitch

Answer 27

day 45

Question 28

describe how to detect fetal death on x-ray in bitch

Answer 28

loss of normal posture
accumulation of gas in fetus/ uterus
overlapping of skull bones

Question 29

T/F normal uterus can be seen on plain radiograph

Answer 29

False

Question 30

what can we seen on x-ray which suggests a repro problem

Answer 30

generally just soft tissue opacity causing displacement of other organs- won’t see fetus until after day 45

Question 31

when do progesterone levels decrease dramatically in the bitch

Answer 31

right before parturition

Question 32

what test would we perform to test for presence of the ovary- in dog

Answer 32

hCG stim test

Question 33

what test would you perform to confirm presence of ovary and pituitary- in dog

Answer 33

GnRH stim test

Question 34

describe how to test for ovaries in cats

Answer 34

In Oestrous Cats by induction of ovulation
- hCG Stimulation Test
- GnRH Stimulation Test
Both will induce ovulation so that elevation of progesterone can then be detected