Principles of Contraception, Incomplete Ovariectomy

Question 1

what does neutering a male not decrease the risk of

Answer 1

prostatic neoplasia

Question 2

What reproductive hormone treatment can be useful for palliative management of prostatic neoplasia

Answer 2

long acting GnRH agonist (deslorelin)- causes initial stimulation then down regulation of FSH and LH

Question 3

what does short-term GnRH agonist do

Answer 3

causes stimulation of LH and FSH release

Question 4

What can deslorelin be used for

Answer 4

is a long-acting GnRH agonist
can be use to inhibit reproduction in males and females of all species (dose-dependant)

Question 5

effects of progestogens

Answer 5

Exert powerful negative feedback effect upon the hypothalamus/pituitary

Question 6

What are progestogens used for

Answer 6

control of oestrus
prevention= Administration in anoestrus to prevent occurrence of oestrus

Question 7

Describe how progestogens can be used to treat pseudopregnancy

Answer 7

Progestogens inhibit the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland

Question 8

Describe how progestogens are used in males

Answer 8

cause reduction in FSH and LH secretion
LH- reduces steroidogenesis
FSH- reduction in spermatogenesis

Can be used to treat antisocial behaviour
prostate disease
anal adenoma

Question 9

what is the most important side effect of oestrogens that we need to be aware of

Answer 9

bone marrow supression

Question 10

Describe how oestrogens can be used to treat unwanted mating

Answer 10

Prevention of implantation and / or interference with transport of zygotes
But animals may continue to show signs of oestrus

Question 11

How does oestrogens help with urinary incontinence

Answer 11

Increase urethral mucosal thickness

Question 12

List 2 situations when topical oestrogens are used to treat vaginitis

Answer 12

Pre-pubertal
Atrophic

Question 13

what do androgens do

Answer 13

mimic the action of testosterone
will induce temporary infertility in males

Question 14

what is hCG similar to

Answer 14

has LH- like action

Question 15

List situations when we may use hCG in dogs

Answer 15

testing gonadal function
hastening of ovulation
forcing of ovulation

Question 16

List 2 actions of prostaglandins

Answer 16

lysis of CL - early CLs may not respond
ecbolic

Question 17

At what point in the dog will the CL respond to prostaglandin

Answer 17

after day 20?
needs frequent dosing every day- due to prolactin

Question 18

List 3 situations that can be treated with prostaglandin in the dog

Answer 18

open- cervix pyometra
termination of pregnancy
post-partum meteritis

generally used in combination with other drugs

Question 19

List 3 uses of oxytocin

Answer 19

Contraction of uterine smooth muscle when receptors are present
Pharmacological contraction of uterine smooth muscle when few receptors are present
Milk `let-down‘

Question 20

when should oxytocin not be used

Answer 20

if cervix is closed or in cases of obstructive dystocia

Question 21

List 4 clinical uses of oxytocin

Answer 21

Stimulation of uterine contraction to facilitate parturition in the presence of a fully dilated cervix
Promote involution of the post-parturient uterus and thus aid the passage of retained placenta
Aid in the control of post-partum haemorrhage
Promotion of milk `let-down’ in cases of agalactia

Question 22

when does prolactin increase in the bitch

Answer 22

increases from approx day 25 after ovulation

Question 23

what do prolactin inhibitors do

Answer 23

Removal of prolactin causes demise of the CL’s
Progesterone rapidly declines
Termination of the luteal phase

Question 24

Does prolactin inhibitors have an effect in the early luteal phase

Answer 24

No

Question 25

List 2 licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors

Answer 25

Treatment of Pseudopregnancy Suppression of Lactation e.g. Post weaning

Question 26

List 3 off licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors

Answer 26

To end the luteal phase to terminate pregnancy (often done in combination with prostaglandin) To end the luteal phase to treat pyometra (often done in combination with prostaglandin) To induce oestrus (mechanism uncertain)

Question 27

how should you treat a closed cervix pyo

Answer 27

prolactin inhibitor then once open give prostaglandin

Question 28

Describe why you should not give prostaglandin to a dog with a closed cervix pyometra

Answer 28

If cervix is closed in pyo and you give prostaglandin, there is a risk of a tear in the uterus as you are causing it to contract against a closed cervix

Question 29

List 3 potential uses of progesterone receptor antagonists

Answer 29

Prevention of implantation Termination of pregnancy at any stage Treatment of pyometra?

Question 30

How does a melatonin implant work in sheep

Answer 30

Melatonin implant administered at base of ear in May-June to hasten onset of cyclicity (+ introduction of the ram)

Question 31

what do melatonin implants do in long-day breeders

Answer 31

down-regulation of endogenous production

Question 32

List 2 drugs that could be used to treat non-ovulating follicles in bitches

Answer 32

hCG short-acting GnRH

Question 33

List 4 situations that a ovariectomy may result in uterine disease

Answer 33

the uterus was already abnormal you leave an ovarian remnant there is a neoplasm producing reproductive steroids exogenous reproductive steroids are administered

Question 34

At what point should we spay a bitch - why

Answer 34

greater than 12 weeks after oestrus - so we don't induce an iatrogenic pseudopregnancy Or within Weeks 3 and 4 post oestrus before prolactin is turned on so you don’t induce pseudopregnancy

Question 35

At point does infertility occur after stallion is castrated

Answer 35

Stallions have significant ampulla therefore sperm may be detected for several weeks or until he ejaculates

Question 36

At point does infertility occur after dog is castrated

Answer 36

very small ampulla therefore azoospermatic within a few days

Question 37

Describe how incomplete ovariectomy cases present

Answer 37

Oestrus behaviour

Question 38

List some ways to diagnose a incomplete ovariectomy

Answer 38

observation of behaviour vaginal cytology ultrasound of ovaries measurement of progesterone

Question 39

Describe how to diagnose incomplete ovariectomy in queen

Answer 39

generally cycle every 2-3 weeks examine when they are in alleged oestrus