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13- SA- Reproduction > Principles of Contraception, Incomplete Ovariectomy > Flashcards

Principles of Contraception, Incomplete Ovariectomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does neutering a male not decrease the risk of

A

prostatic neoplasia

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2
Q

What reproductive hormone treatment can be useful for palliative management of prostatic neoplasia

A

long acting GnRH agonist (deslorelin)- causes initial stimulation then down regulation of FSH and LH

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3
Q

what does short-term GnRH agonist do

A

causes stimulation of LH and FSH release

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4
Q

What can deslorelin be used for

A

is a long-acting GnRH agonist
can be use to inhibit reproduction in males and females of all species (dose-dependant)

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5
Q

effects of progestogens

A

Exert powerful negative feedback effect upon the hypothalamus/pituitary

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6
Q

What are progestogens used for

A

control of oestrus
prevention= Administration in anoestrus to prevent occurrence of oestrus

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7
Q

Describe how progestogens can be used to treat pseudopregnancy

A

Progestogens inhibit the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland

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8
Q

Describe how progestogens are used in males

A

cause reduction in FSH and LH secretion
LH- reduces steroidogenesis
FSH- reduction in spermatogenesis

Can be used to treat antisocial behaviour
prostate disease
anal adenoma

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9
Q

what is the most important side effect of oestrogens that we need to be aware of

A

bone marrow supression

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10
Q

Describe how oestrogens can be used to treat unwanted mating

A

Prevention of implantation and / or interference with transport of zygotes
But animals may continue to show signs of oestrus

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11
Q

How does oestrogens help with urinary incontinence

A

Increase urethral mucosal thickness

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12
Q

List 2 situations when topical oestrogens are used to treat vaginitis

A

Pre-pubertal
Atrophic

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13
Q

what do androgens do

A

mimic the action of testosterone
will induce temporary infertility in males

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14
Q

what is hCG similar to

A

has LH- like action

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15
Q

List situations when we may use hCG in dogs

A

testing gonadal function
hastening of ovulation
forcing of ovulation

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16
Q

List 2 actions of prostaglandins

A

lysis of CL - early CLs may not respond
ecbolic

17
Q

At what point in the dog will the CL respond to prostaglandin

A

after day 20?
needs frequent dosing every day- due to prolactin

18
Q

List 3 situations that can be treated with prostaglandin in the dog

A

open- cervix pyometra
termination of pregnancy
post-partum meteritis

generally used in combination with other drugs

19
Q

List 3 uses of oxytocin

A

Contraction of uterine smooth muscle when receptors are present
Pharmacological contraction of uterine smooth muscle when few receptors are present
Milk `let-down‘

20
Q

when should oxytocin not be used

A

if cervix is closed or in cases of obstructive dystocia

21
Q

List 4 clinical uses of oxytocin

A

Stimulation of uterine contraction to facilitate parturition in the presence of a fully dilated cervix
Promote involution of the post-parturient uterus and thus aid the passage of retained placenta
Aid in the control of post-partum haemorrhage
Promotion of milk `let-down’ in cases of agalactia

22
Q

when does prolactin increase in the bitch

A

increases from approx day 25 after ovulation

23
Q

what do prolactin inhibitors do

A

Removal of prolactin causes demise of the CL’s
Progesterone rapidly declines
Termination of the luteal phase

24
Q

Does prolactin inhibitors have an effect in the early luteal phase

A

No

25
Q

List 2 licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors

A

Treatment of Pseudopregnancy
Suppression of Lactation e.g. Post weaning

26
Q

List 3 off licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors

A

To end the luteal phase to terminate pregnancy (often done in combination with prostaglandin)

To end the luteal phase to treat pyometra (often done in combination with prostaglandin)

To induce oestrus (mechanism uncertain)

27
Q

how should you treat a closed cervix pyo

A

prolactin inhibitor then once open give prostaglandin

28
Q

Describe why you should not give prostaglandin to a dog with a closed cervix pyometra

A

If cervix is closed in pyo and you give prostaglandin, there is a risk of a tear in the uterus as you are causing it to contract against a closed cervix

29
Q

List 3 potential uses of progesterone receptor antagonists

A

Prevention of implantation
Termination of pregnancy at any stage
Treatment of pyometra?

30
Q

How does a melatonin implant work in sheep

A

Melatonin implant administered at base of ear in May-June to hasten onset of cyclicity (+ introduction of the ram)

31
Q

what do melatonin implants do in long-day breeders

A

down-regulation of endogenous production

32
Q

List 2 drugs that could be used to treat non-ovulating follicles in bitches

A

hCG
short-acting GnRH

33
Q

List 4 situations that a ovariectomy may result in uterine disease

A

the uterus was already abnormal
you leave an ovarian remnant
there is a neoplasm producing reproductive steroids
exogenous reproductive steroids are administered

34
Q

At what point should we spay a bitch - why

A

greater than 12 weeks after oestrus - so we don’t induce an iatrogenic pseudopregnancy

Or within Weeks 3 and 4 post oestrus before prolactin is turned on so you don’t induce pseudopregnancy

35
Q

At point does infertility occur after stallion is castrated

A

Stallions have significant ampulla therefore sperm may be detected for several weeks or until he ejaculates

36
Q

At point does infertility occur after dog is castrated

A

very small ampulla therefore azoospermatic within a few days

37
Q

Describe how incomplete ovariectomy cases present

A

Oestrus behaviour

38
Q

List some ways to diagnose a incomplete ovariectomy

A

observation of behaviour
vaginal cytology
ultrasound of ovaries
measurement of progesterone

39
Q

Describe how to diagnose incomplete ovariectomy in queen

A

generally cycle every 2-3 weeks
examine when they are in alleged oestrus

13- SA- Reproduction (16 decks)

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