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A&P 400 > Reproductive 3 female 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive 3 female 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A
  • Events during and after oocyte maturation
  • Focuses on changes in the follicle
  • Includes the follicular phase and luteal phase
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2
Q

Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)

A

Changes in the endometrium in preparation for a fertilized ovum.

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3
Q

Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  • Both cycles are controlled by cyclical hormone changes.
  • They must operate synchronously for proper reproductive function.
  • Coordination is managed by GnRH from the hypothalamus
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4
Q

4 stages of Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  1. Begins with the release of
    gonadotropin-releasing hormone
    (GnRH)
  2. Follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
  3. Ovulation
  4. Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
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5
Q
  1. Begins with the release of
    gonadotropin-releasing hormone
    (GnRH)

Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  • From the Hypothalamus:
  • Stimulates production and secretion of FSH.
  • Stimulates production (but not secretion) of LH.
  • Cyclical rise in GnRH creates the reproductive cycle.
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6
Q

2 Follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  • The cycle begins when FSH stimulates some follicles to become tertiary follicles.
  • As follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of inhibin.
  • Developing follicles secrete estrogens.
  • Low estrogen levels inhibit LH secretion.
  • Inhibition decreases as estrogen levels rise.
  • Estrogen lowers basal body temperature by about 0.3ºC (0.5ºF) compared to the luteal phase.
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7
Q

3 Ovulation

Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  • GnRH and elevated estrogen stimulate LH secretion.
  • LH surge around day 14 triggers:
  • Completion of meiosis I.
  • Rupture of the follicular wall.
  • Ovulation (~9 hours after LH peak).
  • Formation of corpus luteum.
  • Mittelschmerz: pain from follicular swelling and ovarian rupture, with minor blood leakage during ovulation.
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8
Q

4 Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Regulation of the Ovarian (and Uterine) Cycle

A
  • The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, stimulating and sustaining endometrial development.
  • Progesterone levels rise while estrogen levels fall, suppressing GnRH.
  • If pregnancy does not occur:
  • The corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks, stops hormone secretion, and degenerates into corpus albicans.
  • If pregnancy occurs:
  • Early placental cells produce hCG, rescuing the corpus luteum, which continues its secretory functions.
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9
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • Source: Secreted from the anterior pituitary.
  • Stimulation: In response to GnRH from the hypothalamus.
  • Inhibition: Inhibin from granulosa cells and corpus luteum, and estrogen.
  • Functions:
    Initiates follicle growth.
    Stimulates ovarian follicles to release estrogens and inhibin.
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10
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Source: Secreted from the anterior pituitary.
  • Stimulation: Production by GnRH; secretion by estrogen and GnRH.
  • Inhibition: Inhibin from granulosa cells and corpus luteum.
  • Functions:
    Triggers ovulation.
    Promotes formation of the corpus luteum.
    Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
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11
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Made from: Cholesterol.
  • Types: Estradiol, estrone, estriol.
  • Source: Granulosa cells, theca cells, and corpus luteum.
    Stimulation: FSH and LH.
    Functions:
  • Triggers LH release (LH surge).
  • Develops and maintains secondary sex characteristics.
  • Promotes adipose deposits in breasts, hips, and mons pubis.
  • Contributes to a broad pelvis.
  • Stimulates hair growth on head, pubic area, and axillae.
  • Increases protein anabolism.
  • Decreases osteoclast activity.
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12
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Made from: Cholesterol.
  • Source: Corpus luteum.
  • Stimulation: LH.
  • Functions:
    Prepares the endometrium for implantation.
    Prepares mammary glands for milk secretion.
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13
Q

Inhibin

A
  • Source: Granulosa cells and then corpus luteum.
  • Stimulation: FSH and LH.
    Functions:
  • Inhibits FSH and LH secretion.
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14
Q

Relaxin

A
  • Source: Corpus luteum and then placenta (if implantation occurs).
  • Stimulation: LH.
  • Functions:
  • Relaxes the myometrium.
  • Relaxes the pubic symphysis and dilates the cervix during pregnancy.
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15
Q

three phases of the uterine cycle

A
  1. Menstruation (menses or ”period”)
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
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16
Q

Menstruation

A

Duration: Day 1-7 (day 1 is the first day of bleeding).
Uterine Changes:

Decreased progesterone and estrogen cause spiral arteries to constrict and cells to die.
The entire stratum functionalis sloughs off, leaving 2-5 mm of the stratum basalis.
Ovarian Changes:

FSH influences primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles.
This process can take several months; a follicle that starts developing at the beginning of a cycle may not mature until many months later.

17
Q

Proliferative Phase

A
  • Days 7-14 (Follicular Phase):
    Uterine Changes:

Estrogens from growing follicles stimulate endometrial growth.
The stratum basalis undergoes mitosis to produce the stratum functionalis.
Endometrial glands and arterioles grow and develop.
Ovarian Changes:

Secondary follicles in the ovaries begin secreting estrogens and inhibin.
Usually, one dominant follicle becomes the mature follicle and enlarges in preparation for ovulation.

18
Q

Secretory Phase Uterine changes

A

Days 15-28 (Luteal Phase)

Uterine Changes:

Progesterone and estrogens from the corpus luteum cause:
Endometrial glands to grow and secrete glycogen.
Endometrium to vascularize (increased spiral artery size) and thicken.
The uterus prepares for a fertilized ovum.
If No Fertilization:

The corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decline in progesterone and estrogen production, which initiates the menstrual phase.

19
Q

Secretory Phase ovarian changes

A

Ovarian Changes:

LH promotes the formation of the corpus luteum.
Stimulated by LH, the corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
If Pregnancy Does Not Occur:

The corpus luteum lasts for 2 weeks, stops hormone secretion, and degenerates into corpus albicans.
If Pregnancy Occurs:

Early placental cells produce hCG, which rescues the corpus luteum, allowing it to continue its secretory functions.

20
Q

Cleavage:

A
  • Rapid division of cells to create multiple cells.
  • Occurs during the journey to the uterus.
  • Ends with the formation of a blastocyst.
21
Q

Implantation part 1

A

Starts around day 7 with the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine endometrium.
By day 10, the blastocyst erodes the endometrial lining and becomes enclosed within it.
Trophoblast cells invade and become syncytiotrophoblasts, eventually forming the placental membrane.
The inner cell mass develops into the embryo.

22
Q

Implantation part 2

A

Around day 9, the amniotic cavity forms, filled with amniotic fluid.
Amniotic fluid protects and supports the embryo.
Amniocentesis is typically performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy to test cells in the amniotic fluid.

23
Q

Implantation part 3

A

Yolk Sac Formation:
Around day 10, implantation completes and the yolk sac forms.
It serves as the site of early hematopoiesis from stem cells.
From weeks 3 to 8, it provides nutrients to the developing fetus prior to placental formation.

24
Q

The Placenta:

A

Fully formed and functional around week 12.
Serves as the site of exchange between maternal blood and fetal blood.

25
Q

Placenta blood supply

A

Umbilical Arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood with waste products from the developing fetus to the placenta.
Chorionic Villi:Provide surface area for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between fetal and maternal bloodstreams.
Umbilical Vein: Carries oxygenated blood containing nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.

26
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):

Hormone Production from the Placenta

A

Maintains the corpus luteum until about week 12.

27
Q

Human Placental Lactogen (hPL):

Hormone Production from the Placenta

A

Prepares mammary glands for milk production.

28
Q

Relaxin:

Hormone Production from the Placenta

A

Relaxes the myometrium, pubic symphysis, and dilates the cervix during pregnancy.

29
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

Hormone Production from the Placenta

A
  • Estrogen and progesterone take over progesterone production from the corpus luteum at week 12, maintaining the uterine lining.
  • During the third trimester, rising estrogen levels help stimulate labor and delivery.
30
Q

Dizygotic (“Fraternal”) Twins

A
  • Develop when two separate oocytes are ovulated and fertilized.
  • Comprise about 70 percent of all twins.
31
Q

Monozygotic (“Identical” or “Maternal”) Twins

A

Result from the separation of blastomeres early in cleavage.
Can also occur if the inner cell mass splits before gastrulation.
The genetic makeup of the twins is identical, as they are formed from the same set of gametes.

32
Q

Changes During Pregnancy:

Uterus, Abdominal

A

The uterus ascends into the abdominal cavity.
Abdominal contents are displaced due to the increased size of the uterus.
Possible results include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and increased urination.

33
Q

Cervical Changes During Pregnancy

A

Enlarged mucus glands in the cervix secrete mucus that forms a plug.
This plug acts as a seal for the uterus, protecting it from ascending infection.

34
Q

Fluid Retention Changes during pregnancy

A
  • Fluid retention can compress nerves in narrow canals, such as the carpal tunnel.
  • This compression can lead to pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand.
35
Q

Cardiovascular Changes During Pregnancy

A
  • Cardiac output increases by 30-50% to meet heightened demand.
  • Estrogen mediates this rise by increasing preload and stroke volume, primarily through higher overall blood volume (up to 40-50%).
  • Heart rate increases but typically remains below 100 beats per minute.
36
Q

Respiratory Changes During Pregnancy:

A
  • The diaphragm is elevated by about 4 cm due to the enlarged uterus.
  • Ligaments connecting the ribs to the sternum become lax.
  • This leads to an increased tidal volume (30-50%).
  • The respiratory rate increases by 1-2 breaths per minute above normal.
37
Q

Pigmentation Changes During Pregnancy

A

Darkening of:
Areola on the breasts.
Linea nigra.
* Increased facial pigmentation.
* Stretch marks (striae gravidarum) may develop on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks to varying degrees.

38
Q

Breast Changes During Pregnancy

A
  • Breasts enlarge under the influence of relaxin, progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and hPL.
  • Breast tenderness is common in the early stages of pregnancy.
  • Montgomery’s tubercles (enlarged sebaceous glands around the areola) develop to protect the nipple from cracking.

A&P 400 (9 decks)

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