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my mcat > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

organs in which gamates are made, i.e the testes and ovaries

A

gonads

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2
Q

reprouductive organs

A

genitalia

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3
Q

name male external genatalia

A

penis and scrotum

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4
Q

the pouch that hangs behind the penis and whose main function is to contain the testes

A

scrotum

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5
Q

where sperm is produced; this organ also secretes hormone i.e testosterone

A

testes

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6
Q

True or False

Spermatogenesis occurs optimally a few degrees below body temperature, and the scrotum therefore contains musculature to regulate the temperature of the testes

A

True

When the external temp is cold, the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum closer to the body and te dartos muscle contracts and makes the scrotum wrinkly, reducing surface area so that less heat is lost

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7
Q

where meisois and spermatogenesis takes place; sperm are stored in this organ

A

seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

A reproductive cell of the body. The egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.

A

germ cells

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9
Q

somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis.They facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa via direct contact and by controlling the environment milieu within the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells

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10
Q

another word for sperm

A

spermatozoa

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11
Q

interstitial cells located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. Main function is to produce androgens i.e testosterone under the pulsatile control of pituitary luteinizing hormone

A

Leydig cells

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12
Q

a group of sex hormones that includes testosterone

A

androgens

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13
Q

a structure attached to the rear of the testes that is used for the storage and further maturation of spermatozoa; immature spermatozoa made in the seminiferous tubules move to this structure

A

epidymis

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14
Q

name the structure

the life cycle of spermatoza splits at ____ ; either the spermatozoa proceed through ejaculation or are broken down and reabsorbed

A

epidymis

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15
Q

Name the structure

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation; a tube that connects the epidemys to the ejaculatory ducts

A

vas deferens

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16
Q

glands located below the urinary bladder that generate majority of the liquid compenent of semen; The muscular tissue contracts to move seminal fluid and sperm into the urethra and out through the penis

A

seminal vesicles

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17
Q

which glands secrete fructose, vitamins, and enzymes necessary for sperm to stay alive after ejaculation?

A

seminal vesicles

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18
Q

gland located just below bladder that produces seminal fluid, which is a component of semen. It also plays a role in hormone production and helps regulate urine flow

A

prostate gland

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19
Q

name the organ

allows the passage of urine and semen; connects the distal portions of the urinary system, such as the urinary bladder, to the external environment and allows for urine excretion from the body

A

urethra

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20
Q

Name the gland

produce a lubricating fluid prior to ejaculation and neutralize any remaining acidinc urine that is present

A

bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

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21
Q

Cowper’s glands are also known as…

A

bulbourethral glands

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22
Q

Name 5 structures

internal genitalia of the female reproductive system include…

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina

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23
Q

the external genitalia of the female reproductive system are collectively known as the….

A

Vulva

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24
Q

Name 4 important structures of the vulva

A

urethral opening, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

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25
Q

the ____ contains smooth muscle that carries out peristalsis, and an abundance of ciliated cells; both structures allowing the egg to move from the ovaries to the uterus

A

fallopian tubes

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26
Q

where the fetus develops during pregnancy

A

uterus

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27
Q

lower part of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity and vaginal canal; sperm deoposited in vagina during intercourse must travel through this structure for fertilization to take place

A

cervix

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28
Q

runs from the cervix to the vaginal opening; home to a rich population of bacteria that is important aspect of reproductive health

A

vagina

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29
Q

elastic, muscular structure that can stretch to accommodate a fetus during childbirth

A

vaginal canal

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30
Q

inner lips that surround the opening of the vagina to protect vaginal opening from irritations or infections

A

labia minora

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31
Q

outer lips

A

labia majora

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32
Q

the process of sperm cell formation, development, and maturation

A

spermatogenesis

link this video is great!

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33
Q

haploid cell formed by meiotic division of secondary spermatocyte, differentiates into sperm cell

A

spermatids

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34
Q

process by which spermatids form sperm cells

A

spermiogenesis

35
Q

immature germ cells

A

spermatogonia

36
Q

a cell giving rise to sperm cells

A

spermatocyte

37
Q

haploid cell formed by meiotic division of primary spermatoctye

A

secodary spermatocyte

38
Q

diploid cell formed from spermatogonium

A

primary spermatocyte

39
Q

ully mature sperm cell is known as a …

A

spermatozoon

40
Q

which part of the sperm contains the DNA? What about abundant mitochondria?

A

the head; the mid piece

41
Q

describe the process of oogenesis

A

link 10-min YT vid link KA article

42
Q

the first menstrual period

A

menarche

43
Q

the first step in fertilization is for the sperm cell to encounter the ____

A

secondary oocyte

44
Q

True or False

One and only one sperm cell can fertilize an egg, if ore than one sperm does so (polyspermy), a viable zygote will not be created

A

True

45
Q

describe the process of fertilization

A

link

46
Q

as the sperm cell approaches the secomdary oocyte, it passes through the ____

A

corona radiata

47
Q

after the sperm passes through the corona radiata, it passes through a layer of glycoproteins between the corona radiata and the oocyte called the

A

zona pellucida

48
Q

what prevents other sperm cells from fertilizing an egg after fertilization already happened?

A

the cross-structure of glycoproteins formed by the zona pellucida

49
Q

the zygote travels from the fallopian tybes to the ____ for further development

A

uterus

50
Q

occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus, it can occur in the abdomen, cervic, or ovaries

A

ectopic pregnancy

51
Q

most common type of ectopic pregnancy — happens when development occurs in the fallopian tube

A

tubal pregnancy

52
Q

ball or cluster of cells formed through cell division very early in the embryonic development that occurs after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage

A

morula

53
Q

3-5 days after fertilization, the morula develops some degree of internal structure and becomes a ____

A

blastocyst

54
Q

in order for implantation to occur, a blastocyst implants the____

A

uterine endometrium

55
Q

once implanted, the embryo further differentiates into the….

A

gastrula

56
Q

layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the nervous system, skin, nails, and sweat glands

A

ectoderm

57
Q

layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the nervous system, skin, nails, and sweat glands

A

ectoderm

58
Q

process through which the nervous system is formed

A

neurulation

59
Q

name the mnenoc for remembering the embryonic development stages

A

Zach’s
Mother
is
a
Big
Giant
Nerd
for zygote –> morula –> blastula/blastocyst –> gastrula –> neurulation

60
Q

rod of mesodermal cells developed during the first stage of neurulation

A

notocord

61
Q

the formation of the notocord induces the fromation of the ____

A

neural tube

62
Q

the ____ goes on to form the central nervous system

A

neural tube

63
Q

what cells go on to form the peripheral nervous system?

A

neural crest cells

64
Q

what structure of the gastrula generates many of the structures found within the body, including musculature, connective tissue, gonads, and the kidneys?

A

mesoderm

65
Q

what structure what structure of the gastrula makes up the interior linings of the body, including that of the GI system, the urinary bladder, and the lungs?

A

endoderm

66
Q

organogenesis occurs in which trimester?

A

first trimester

67
Q

True or False

fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

A

False; fetal Hb has a HIGHER affinity for oxygen so that it can be efficiently passed from the maternal cirulation to the fetal circulation

68
Q

the fetus is connected to the placenta via the ____

A

umbillical cord

69
Q

True or False

When it comes to sex differentiation, females are considered the default

A

True. Development of male sex organs is determined by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

70
Q

the act of childbirth

A

partruition

71
Q

Which hormone sets puberty in motion?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

72
Q

Name the two hormones

When GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and ____ , sex differences between males and females emerge during puberty

A

LH & FSH

73
Q

Name the hormone

In males, it causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone, and in females it stimultes ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

74
Q

Name the hormone

Affects Sertoli cells causing them to produce factors necessary for sperm maturation. In females, it stimulates follicular growth in the ovary and the production of estrogen

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

75
Q

main sex hormones involved with developing secondary sex characteristics in males and females during puberty

A

testosterone and estrogen

76
Q

typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function

A

secodary sex characteristics

fat distribution (females), growth of body hair, deeper voice, muscles

77
Q

typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function

A

secodary sex characteristics

fat distribution, body hair, deeper voice, muscle growth

78
Q

What are the hormones involved int he mestrual cycle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

stimulate the uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization.

79
Q

refers to the series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops.

A

ovarian cycle

80
Q

describes the buildup and degradation of the endometrial lining

A

uterine cycle

81
Q

True or False

The uterine cycle takes up half of the time of mestrual cycle, and the ovarian cycle takes up the other half

A

False. The uterine cycle and the ovarian cycle are concurrent processes

82
Q

When you think of the corpus luteum, what hormone should you be thinking of?

A

LH

as LH declines, the corpus luteum degenerates

83
Q

What type of feedback loop occurs in the absence of implantation?

A

In the absence of implantation, successive negative feedback loops occur to keep the cycle moving

progesterone –> negative feedback on LH –> corpus luteum degenerates –> no progesterone secretion –> enometrium cannot undergo implantation –> menstruation

84
Q

What hormone is secreted after implantation to ensure that the endometrium is not shed?

A

human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)

allows corpus luteum maintencence & for progesterone levels to sustain

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