Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My MCAT > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

1
Q

organs in which gamates are made, i.e the testes and ovaries

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

reprouductive organs

A

genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name male external genatalia

A

penis and scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the pouch that hangs behind the penis and whose main function is to contain the testes

A

scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where sperm is produced; this organ also secretes hormone i.e testosterone

A

testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False

Spermatogenesis occurs optimally a few degrees below body temperature, and the scrotum therefore contains musculature to regulate the temperature of the testes

A

True

When the external temp is cold, the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum closer to the body and te dartos muscle contracts and makes the scrotum wrinkly, reducing surface area so that less heat is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where meisois and spermatogenesis takes place; sperm are stored in this organ

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A reproductive cell of the body. The egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.

A

germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis.They facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa via direct contact and by controlling the environment milieu within the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

another word for sperm

A

spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

interstitial cells located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. Main function is to produce androgens i.e testosterone under the pulsatile control of pituitary luteinizing hormone

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a group of sex hormones that includes testosterone

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a structure attached to the rear of the testes that is used for the storage and further maturation of spermatozoa; immature spermatozoa made in the seminiferous tubules move to this structure

A

epidymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name the structure

the life cycle of spermatoza splits at ____ ; either the spermatozoa proceed through ejaculation or are broken down and reabsorbed

A

epidymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the structure

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation; a tube that connects the epidemys to the ejaculatory ducts

A

vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glands located below the urinary bladder that generate majority of the liquid compenent of semen; The muscular tissue contracts to move seminal fluid and sperm into the urethra and out through the penis

A

seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which glands secrete fructose, vitamins, and enzymes necessary for sperm to stay alive after ejaculation?

A

seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gland located just below bladder that produces seminal fluid, which is a component of semen. It also plays a role in hormone production and helps regulate urine flow

A

prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name the organ

allows the passage of urine and semen; connects the distal portions of the urinary system, such as the urinary bladder, to the external environment and allows for urine excretion from the body

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the gland

produce a lubricating fluid prior to ejaculation and neutralize any remaining acidinc urine that is present

A

bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cowper’s glands are also known as…

A

bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 5 structures

internal genitalia of the female reproductive system include…

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the external genitalia of the female reproductive system are collectively known as the….

A

Vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name 4 important structures of the vulva

A

urethral opening, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
the ____ contains smooth muscle that carries out peristalsis, and an abundance of ciliated cells; both structures allowing the egg to move from the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tubes
26
where the fetus develops during pregnancy
uterus
27
lower part of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity and vaginal canal; sperm deoposited in vagina during intercourse must travel through this structure for fertilization to take place
cervix
28
runs from the cervix to the vaginal opening; home to a rich population of bacteria that is important aspect of reproductive health
vagina
29
elastic, muscular structure that can stretch to accommodate a fetus during childbirth
vaginal canal
30
inner lips that surround the opening of the vagina to protect vaginal opening from irritations or infections
labia minora
31
outer lips
labia majora
32
the process of sperm cell formation, development, and maturation
spermatogenesis ## Footnote [link](https://youtu.be/QtCjQYosj_g) this video is great!
33
haploid cell formed by meiotic division of secondary spermatocyte, differentiates into sperm cell
spermatids
34
process by which spermatids form sperm cells
sperm**io**genesis
35
immature germ cells
spermatogonia
36
a cell giving rise to sperm cells
spermatocyte
37
haploid cell formed by meiotic division of primary spermatoctye
secodary spermatocyte
38
diploid cell formed from spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
39
ully mature sperm cell is known as a ...
spermatozoon
40
which part of the sperm contains the DNA? What about abundant mitochondria?
the head; the mid piece
41
describe the process of oogenesis
## Footnote [link](https://youtu.be/_AP3A39p8Z4) 10-min YT vid [link](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12-biology-india/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-human-reproduction/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-gametogenesis/a/oogenesis-and-follicular-development-review) KA article
42
the first menstrual period
menarche
43
the first step in fertilization is for the sperm cell to encounter the ____
secondary oocyte
44
# True or False **One and only one** sperm cell can fertilize an egg, if ore than one sperm does so (polyspermy), a viable zygote will not be created
True
45
describe the process of fertilization
## Footnote [link](https://youtu.be/EwTZ1fypivg)
46
as the sperm cell approaches the secomdary oocyte, it passes through the ____
corona radiata
47
after the sperm passes through the corona radiata, it passes through a layer of glycoproteins between the corona radiata and the oocyte called the
zona pellucida
48
what prevents other sperm cells from fertilizing an egg after fertilization already happened?
the cross-structure of glycoproteins formed by the zona pellucida
49
the zygote travels from the fallopian tybes to the ____ for further development
uterus
50
occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus, it can occur in the abdomen, cervic, or ovaries
ectopic pregnancy
51
most common type of ectopic pregnancy — happens when development occurs in the **fallopian tube**
tubal pregnancy
52
ball or cluster of cells formed through cell division very early in the embryonic development that occurs after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage
morula
53
3-5 days after fertilization, the morula develops some degree of internal structure and becomes a ____
blastocyst
54
in order for implantation to occur, a blastocyst implants the____
uterine endometrium
55
once implanted, the embryo further differentiates into the....
gastrula
56
layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the nervous system, skin, nails, and sweat glands
ectoderm
57
layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the **nervous system, skin**, nails, and sweat glands
ectoderm
58
process through which the nervous system is formed
neurulation
59
name the mnenoc for remembering the embryonic development stages
**Z**ach's **M**other is a **B**ig **G**iant **N**erd for zygote --> morula --> blastula/blastocyst --> gastrula --> neurulation
60
rod of mesodermal cells developed during the first stage of neurulation
notocord
61
the formation of the notocord induces the fromation of the ____
neural tube
62
the ____ goes on to form the central nervous system
neural tube
63
what cells go on to form the peripheral nervous system?
neural crest cells
64
what structure of the gastrula generates many of the structures found within the body, including musculature, connective tissue, gonads, and the kidneys?
mesoderm
65
what structure what structure of the gastrula makes up the interior linings of the body, including that of the GI system, the urinary bladder, and the lungs?
endoderm
66
organogenesis occurs in which trimester?
first trimester
67
# True or False fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
False; fetal Hb has a HIGHER affinity for oxygen so that it can be efficiently passed from the maternal cirulation to the fetal circulation
68
the fetus is connected to the placenta via the ____
umbillical cord
69
# True or False When it comes to sex differentiation, females are considered the default
True. Development of male sex organs is determined by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
70
the act of childbirth
partruition
71
Which hormone sets puberty in motion?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
72
# Name the two hormones When GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and ____ , sex differences between males and females emerge during puberty
LH & FSH
73
# Name the hormone In males, it causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone, and in females it stimultes ovulation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
74
# Name the hormone Affects Sertoli cells causing them to produce factors necessary for sperm maturation. In females, it stimulates follicular growth in the ovary and the production of estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
75
main sex hormones involved with developing secondary sex characteristics in males and females during puberty
testosterone and estrogen
76
typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function
secodary sex characteristics | fat distribution (females), growth of body hair, deeper voice, muscles
77
typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function
secodary sex characteristics | fat distribution, body hair, deeper voice, muscle growth
78
What are the hormones involved int he mestrual cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone ## Footnote stimulate the uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization.
79
refers to the series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops.
ovarian cycle
80
describes the buildup and degradation of the endometrial lining
uterine cycle
81
# True or False The uterine cycle takes up half of the time of mestrual cycle, and the ovarian cycle takes up the other half
False. The uterine cycle and the ovarian cycle are concurrent processes
82
When you think of the corpus luteum, what hormone should you be thinking of?
LH | as LH declines, the corpus luteum degenerates
83
What type of feedback loop occurs in the absence of implantation?
In the absence of implantation, successive **negative feedback loops** occur to keep the cycle moving ## Footnote progesterone --> negative feedback on LH --> corpus luteum degenerates --> no progesterone secretion --> enometrium cannot undergo implantation --> menstruation
84
What hormone is secreted after implantation to ensure that the endometrium is not shed?
human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) | allows corpus luteum maintencence & for progesterone levels to sustain

My MCAT (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions