Reproduction and Development Flashcards
organs in which gamates are made, i.e the testes and ovaries
gonads
reprouductive organs
genitalia
name male external genatalia
penis and scrotum
the pouch that hangs behind the penis and whose main function is to contain the testes
scrotum
where sperm is produced; this organ also secretes hormone i.e testosterone
testes
True or False
Spermatogenesis occurs optimally a few degrees below body temperature, and the scrotum therefore contains musculature to regulate the temperature of the testes
True
When the external temp is cold, the cremaster muscle pulls the scrotum closer to the body and te dartos muscle contracts and makes the scrotum wrinkly, reducing surface area so that less heat is lost
where meisois and spermatogenesis takes place; sperm are stored in this organ
seminiferous tubules
A reproductive cell of the body. The egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.
germ cells
somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis.They facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa via direct contact and by controlling the environment milieu within the seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells
another word for sperm
spermatozoa
interstitial cells located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. Main function is to produce androgens i.e testosterone under the pulsatile control of pituitary luteinizing hormone
Leydig cells
a group of sex hormones that includes testosterone
androgens
a structure attached to the rear of the testes that is used for the storage and further maturation of spermatozoa; immature spermatozoa made in the seminiferous tubules move to this structure
epidymis
name the structure
the life cycle of spermatoza splits at ____ ; either the spermatozoa proceed through ejaculation or are broken down and reabsorbed
epidymis
Name the structure
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation; a tube that connects the epidemys to the ejaculatory ducts
vas deferens
glands located below the urinary bladder that generate majority of the liquid compenent of semen; The muscular tissue contracts to move seminal fluid and sperm into the urethra and out through the penis
seminal vesicles
which glands secrete fructose, vitamins, and enzymes necessary for sperm to stay alive after ejaculation?
seminal vesicles
gland located just below bladder that produces seminal fluid, which is a component of semen. It also plays a role in hormone production and helps regulate urine flow
prostate gland
name the organ
allows the passage of urine and semen; connects the distal portions of the urinary system, such as the urinary bladder, to the external environment and allows for urine excretion from the body
urethra
Name the gland
produce a lubricating fluid prior to ejaculation and neutralize any remaining acidinc urine that is present
bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
Cowper’s glands are also known as…
bulbourethral glands
Name 5 structures
internal genitalia of the female reproductive system include…
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina
the external genitalia of the female reproductive system are collectively known as the….
Vulva
Name 4 important structures of the vulva
urethral opening, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
the ____ contains smooth muscle that carries out peristalsis, and an abundance of ciliated cells; both structures allowing the egg to move from the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tubes
where the fetus develops during pregnancy
uterus
lower part of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity and vaginal canal; sperm deoposited in vagina during intercourse must travel through this structure for fertilization to take place
cervix
runs from the cervix to the vaginal opening; home to a rich population of bacteria that is important aspect of reproductive health
vagina
elastic, muscular structure that can stretch to accommodate a fetus during childbirth
vaginal canal
inner lips that surround the opening of the vagina to protect vaginal opening from irritations or infections
labia minora
outer lips
labia majora
the process of sperm cell formation, development, and maturation
haploid cell formed by meiotic division of secondary spermatocyte, differentiates into sperm cell
spermatids
process by which spermatids form sperm cells
spermiogenesis
immature germ cells
spermatogonia
a cell giving rise to sperm cells
spermatocyte
haploid cell formed by meiotic division of primary spermatoctye
secodary spermatocyte
diploid cell formed from spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
ully mature sperm cell is known as a …
spermatozoon
which part of the sperm contains the DNA? What about abundant mitochondria?
the head; the mid piece
the first menstrual period
menarche
the first step in fertilization is for the sperm cell to encounter the ____
secondary oocyte
True or False
One and only one sperm cell can fertilize an egg, if ore than one sperm does so (polyspermy), a viable zygote will not be created
True
describe the process of fertilization
as the sperm cell approaches the secomdary oocyte, it passes through the ____
corona radiata
after the sperm passes through the corona radiata, it passes through a layer of glycoproteins between the corona radiata and the oocyte called the
zona pellucida
what prevents other sperm cells from fertilizing an egg after fertilization already happened?
the cross-structure of glycoproteins formed by the zona pellucida
the zygote travels from the fallopian tybes to the ____ for further development
uterus
occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus, it can occur in the abdomen, cervic, or ovaries
ectopic pregnancy
most common type of ectopic pregnancy — happens when development occurs in the fallopian tube
tubal pregnancy
ball or cluster of cells formed through cell division very early in the embryonic development that occurs after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage
morula
3-5 days after fertilization, the morula develops some degree of internal structure and becomes a ____
blastocyst
in order for implantation to occur, a blastocyst implants the____
uterine endometrium
once implanted, the embryo further differentiates into the….
gastrula
layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the nervous system, skin, nails, and sweat glands
ectoderm
layer of the gastrula that gives rise to the nervous system, skin, nails, and sweat glands
ectoderm
process through which the nervous system is formed
neurulation
name the mnenoc for remembering the embryonic development stages
Zach’s
Mother
is
a
Big
Giant
Nerd
for zygote –> morula –> blastula/blastocyst –> gastrula –> neurulation
rod of mesodermal cells developed during the first stage of neurulation
notocord
the formation of the notocord induces the fromation of the ____
neural tube
the ____ goes on to form the central nervous system
neural tube
what cells go on to form the peripheral nervous system?
neural crest cells
what structure of the gastrula generates many of the structures found within the body, including musculature, connective tissue, gonads, and the kidneys?
mesoderm
what structure what structure of the gastrula makes up the interior linings of the body, including that of the GI system, the urinary bladder, and the lungs?
endoderm
organogenesis occurs in which trimester?
first trimester
True or False
fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
False; fetal Hb has a HIGHER affinity for oxygen so that it can be efficiently passed from the maternal cirulation to the fetal circulation
the fetus is connected to the placenta via the ____
umbillical cord
True or False
When it comes to sex differentiation, females are considered the default
True. Development of male sex organs is determined by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
the act of childbirth
partruition
Which hormone sets puberty in motion?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Name the two hormones
When GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and ____ , sex differences between males and females emerge during puberty
LH & FSH
Name the hormone
In males, it causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone, and in females it stimultes ovulation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Name the hormone
Affects Sertoli cells causing them to produce factors necessary for sperm maturation. In females, it stimulates follicular growth in the ovary and the production of estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
main sex hormones involved with developing secondary sex characteristics in males and females during puberty
testosterone and estrogen
typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function
secodary sex characteristics
fat distribution (females), growth of body hair, deeper voice, muscles
typical markers of biological sex not directly involved in reproductive function
secodary sex characteristics
fat distribution, body hair, deeper voice, muscle growth
What are the hormones involved int he mestrual cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone
stimulate the uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization.
refers to the series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops.
ovarian cycle
describes the buildup and degradation of the endometrial lining
uterine cycle
True or False
The uterine cycle takes up half of the time of mestrual cycle, and the ovarian cycle takes up the other half
False. The uterine cycle and the ovarian cycle are concurrent processes
When you think of the corpus luteum, what hormone should you be thinking of?
LH
as LH declines, the corpus luteum degenerates
What type of feedback loop occurs in the absence of implantation?
In the absence of implantation, successive negative feedback loops occur to keep the cycle moving
progesterone –> negative feedback on LH –> corpus luteum degenerates –> no progesterone secretion –> enometrium cannot undergo implantation –> menstruation
What hormone is secreted after implantation to ensure that the endometrium is not shed?
human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
allows corpus luteum maintencence & for progesterone levels to sustain
