Bonding and IMF, and Atomic Nucelus

Question 1

ionic and covalent bonds are

Answer 1

intramolecular forces

any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound

Question 2

Name the intramolecular force

strong chemical bonds that hold together ions of the opposite charge

Answer 2

ionic bonds

In ionic bonds, electrons are completely transferred from one species to another, forming the cation and anion. This transfer occurs between species that have significant differences in electronegativities

Question 3

rank the intramolecular forces from strongest to weakest

Answer 3

1. ionic
2. polar covalent
3. non-polar covalent

Question 4

Name the intramolecular force

the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

Answer 4

covalent bond

can be polar or non-polar

e.g Cl2, O2

Question 5

Name the intramolecular force

form between atoms that have similar or identical electronegativity values when the electrons are shared equally

Answer 5

non-polar covalent bonds

equal to or less than 0.5 electronegativity

Question 6

Name the intramolecular force

bonds that form between atoms with a moderate electronegativity difference that share electrons

Answer 6

polar covalent

0.5 to 1.7 electronegativity difference

Note: the sharing of these electrons is unequal; there is a moderate dipole
E.g HCl, H2O

Question 7

Define

the number of bonding pairs of electrons between two atoms

Answer 7

bond order

In a covalent bond between two atoms, a single bond has a bond order of one, a double bond has a bond order of two, a triple bond has a bond order of three, and so on

Question 8

Name the term

a bond formed when atomic orbitals are parallel to each other but perpendicular to the internuclear axis, forming a weaker side-to-side interaction

Answer 8

pi (𝝅) bond

The electrons have a lobe-shaped figure of eight paths (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes.

Think: parallel

Question 9

a bond formed by the overlap of two orbitals in an end-to-end fashion along the internuclear axis

Answer 9

sigma bond

Question 10

A single bond contains how many pi and sigma bonds?

Answer 10

1 sigma bond

Question 11

A double bond contains how many pi and sigma bonds?

Answer 11

1 sigma and 1 pi

Question 12

A triple bond contains how many pi and sigma bonds?

Answer 12

1 sigma and 2 pi

Question 13

How is bond length related to bond order

Answer 13

They are inversely related

single bonds are the longest and triple bonds are the weakest; fewer bonds means less attraction, more bonds mean more attraction thus shorter lengths

Question 14

the energy required to break a covalent bond between two atoms

Answer 14

bond energy

the higher the bond energy, the stronger the bond

Bond energy increases as bond order increases

Question 15

chemical bonding between tmetal atoms, which arises from the attraction between positively charged metal nuclei and their delocalized valence electron

Answer 15

metallic bonding

electrons are delocalized and are attracted to multiple nuclei, creating a “sea of electrons” that are free to move throughout the solid

Question 16

What type of bonding accounts for the phyiscal properties of metals?

Answer 16

metallic bonding

The freedom of electron movement accounts for the ability of metals to conduct heat and electricity, gives metals their luster, and makes them malleable

Question 17

Rank the intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest

Answer 17

1. ion-dipole
2. hydrogen bonding
3. dipole-dipole
4. london dispersion

Question 18

True or False

Intermolecular forces are stronger than intramolecular forces

Answer 18

False

bonds between molecules are notably weaker than those within a molecule

Question 19

____ means within a molecule, and ____ means between molecules

Answer 19

intra, inter

Answer 20

dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 21

London dispersion

Answer 22

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 23

Ion dipole interactions

Question 24

State the equation to calculate formal charge

Answer 24

FC = VE - 1/2 BE - LPE

valence electrons - (covalent bonds - lone pair electrons)

Question 25

What do these equations represent?

Answer 25

alpha decay

Question 26

nuclear decay process where an unstable nucleus changes to another element by shooting out a particle composed of two protons and two neutrons

Answer 26

alpha decay

Question 27

a radioactive decay in which a ____ ray is emitted from an atomic nucleus, raising the atomic number of the atom by one if the particle is negatively charged, lowering it by one if positively charged.

Answer 27

beta decay

Question 28

Answer 28

beta decay

Question 29

Name the two types of beta decay:

One type (____) releases a positively charged beta particle called a positron, and a neutrino; the other type (____) releases a negatively charged beta particle called an electron, and an antineutrino

Answer 29

beta plus, beta minus

Question 30

Name the type of decay

the nucleus emits radiation without actually changing its composition; there is no change in an atomic number

Answer 30

gamma decay