C/P Review Flashcards
What does A represent?
Activation energy without enzyme present
What does B represent?
Lowered activation energy due to an enzyme being present
A molecule that REDUCES is a ____ agent
oxidizing agent
List 3 ways in which you can see if a molecule has been oxidized
look for….
- additional oxygens
- fewer hydrogens
- carbons that have additional bonds to oxygen
Proteins that are more stable have [higher/lower] melting points
Higher
higher melting point = more stability
If a question is asking which protein is more stable, it is likely the one with a higher melting point, so look for this info
If a molecule is gaining electrons to carry, it is being [reduced/oxidized]
Reduced
reduction = gaining electrons to REDUCE the CHARGE
The process of changing from an optically active compound into an optically inactive compound or mixture. Optically active compounds (which consist of only one enantiomer) are converted into an equal mixture of enantiomers with zero optical activity.
racemization
True or False
Racemeization requires substitution at a chiral center
True
An achiral compound with several chiral centres but no optical activity due to an internal plane of symmetry. Superimposable on its mirror image
meso-compound
The ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light that is passed through it.
optical activity
Compounds that are optically active contain molecules that are chiral, unless it is a meso-compound
Name the isomeric relationship
____ rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions
Enantiomers
Organic compounds in which two chiral carbons are present and those two are similar. Have zero net rotation of plane polarised light.
mesomer
A process in which the configuration of an atom is changed. If the atom in question is a stereocenter, ____ usually (but not always) changes R absolute configuration into S, and S into R. ____ can also convert cis into trans, or trans into cis.
inversion of configuration
If the chiral carbon is not changed in the reaction, a molecule’s sterochemistry is conserved
conservation of sterochemistry
chiral centers are ____ hybridized
sp3
the Rf of a compound represents the distance traveled by the [solvent front/compound] divided by the distance traveled by the [solvent front/compound]
the Rf of a compound represents the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front
A lower Rf value suggests that the molecule in question is more [polar/nonpolar] and therefore [more/less] traveling bc the molecule has [lower/higher] affinity for the stationary phase
A lower Rf value suggests that the molecule in question is more polar and therefore less traveling bc the molecule has higher affinity for the stationary phase
True or False
Enzymes can affect ΔS
False. ΔS is the change in entropy. Enzymes do not affect thermodynamics at ALL.
If a question asks if an enzymes affect anything involved in the Gibbs Free energy equation the answer is NO
What’s the acronym that can help you remember the colors of vivisble light in order of increasing energy and frequency.
ROYGBV
400nm-700nm
Violet has the shortest wavelength and the highest frequency in the visible range
An order of chemical reaction in which the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant, and is proportional to the amount of the reactant.
1st order kinetics
chemical reactions wherein the sum of the exponents in the corresponding rate law of the chemical reaction is equal to two. The rate of such a reaction can be written either as r = k[A]2, or as r = k[A][B].
second order kinetics
A chemical reaction in which the rate is constant & independent of the concentration of the reactants
zeroth order reactions
globular proteins are [water/lipid] soluble, which means that amino acids wiht hydro[phobic/hilllic] side chains are found on their exterior
water-soluble, hydrophillic
When G > 0, a reaction is [spontaneous/nonspontaneous]
**non**spontaneous
## Footnote
Given **ΔG = ΔH - TΔS**. When a problem gives you a hypothetical reaction and asks you determine its spontaneity given its H, T, or S values, just imagine large values in this equation
A value of K(eq) > 1 suggests that the ΔG° is [greater than/less than] 1
What is the equation for determining the pH of a substance given its concentration of hydrogens?
pH = -log[(H+)]
Given that the stomach contains 0.21N HCl, what is the concentration of hydrogens? What is the pH?
H+ concentration = 0.21N
pH = -log(0.21)
N in the context of acids is = to H+ per liter of solution.
Remember: pH = -log[H+]
In a fractional distillation, two molecules may have very similar molecular weight but have different levels of….
(there can be multiple answers)
intermolecular forces and branching
IMF takes importance
If lung elastance is the resistance to stretch, would increased elastance be counteracted by increased pressure per unit volume OR increased work by the intercostal muscles?
increased work by the intercostal muscles
increased elastance = breathing will take more work
to counteract decreased lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to expand), work done by the muscles to expand the lungs must increase
Energy stored in an object due to a force that temporarily changes its shape, such as squashing or stretching
elastic energy
Arteries are more elastic than veins becuase…
Because of their thicker walls
remember: elasticity is the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.
The ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.
elasticity
Decibles are measured on a log scale, thus an increase of 10dB is a ____ increase, and an increase of 20dB is a ____ increase
10x, 20x
Proteases are ____, cleaving only L-amino acids
sterospecific
L-amino acids are naturally occuring ones
threonine and serine both have [polar/nonpolar] uncharged side chains that contain ____ groups
polar uncharged sidechains that contain hydroxyl groups
What is the trend of the acceleration at part 7 given the graph?
The acceleration is increasing in the negative direction
work = ….
Power (watts) x Time (seconds)
in Joules or KJ
The reaction rate when the enzyme is fully saturated by substrate, indicating that all the binding sites are being constantly reoccupied
Vmax
adding susbstate beyond this point will have no effect on reaction rate as the enzyme active sites are saturated
JW Article
Given this equation, what happens to Km when the substrate concentration is very high?
Enzymes are increasingly binding to substrate, increasing the velocity of the reaction. What reaction order is this?
All of the enzyme’s active sites are occupied by substrate. Adding more substrates at this point is not changing the reaction’s velocity. What order of kinetics is this?
What happens to Km when V0 is equal to half of Vmax?
Km = [S]
Remember, Km is the substrate concentration at which the reaction is half of the Vmax
video
Name the enzyme inhibition
Induces conformational change that prevents the enzyme from forming products
Non-competitive inhibition
non-competitive inhibition changes enzyme ACTIVITY
The binding of this allosteric inhibitor changes the conformation of the enzyme so the enzyme-substrate complex cannot perform catylytic activity. This means the enzyme cannot catylyze a reaction to form a product.
Name the enzyme inhibition
This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
Noncompetitive
This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
Uncompetitive inhibition
This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
Competitive inhbition
occurs when the maxima of two waves add together (the two waves are in phase), so that the amplitude of the resulting wave is equal to the sum of the individual amplitudes
constructive interference
when two waves overlap in such a way that they cancel each other out
destructive interference
indicates the total number of pi bonds and rings within a molecule
degrees of unsaturation
for an MCAT problem, you can just look at the number of bonds that change in the portion of the molecule undergoing transformation, and the number of rings that change
It is important to note that the removal of two protic hydrogens does not result in increasing the degree of unsaturation if the charges are localized on individual atoms
a chemical addition reaction in which a nucleophile forms a sigma bond with an electron-deficient species.
nucleophillic addition
These reactions are considered very important in organic chemistry since they enable the conversion of carbonyl groups into a variety of functional groups
What is the relationship between Force and Mass
F = ma
A force pointing into the center of the circle
centripedal force
the apparent outward force on a mass when it is rotated
centrifugal force
Think of a ball on the end of a string that is being twirled around, or the outward motion you feel when turning a curve in a car.
Equation for change in potential energy given a charge
ΔPE= qΔd
change in potential energy = charge x change in distance between electrical field/electric plates
Where do electrical field lines point?
Away from a positive charge and towards a negative point
Equation for 2nd order rate law
r = k[A]2
Fatty acid catabolism starts in the ____, and is mostly performed in the ____
starts in the cytosol, performed in mitochondrial matrix
fatty acid catabolism = beta oxidation
