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C/P Review Flashcards

1
Q

What does A represent?

A

Activation energy without enzyme present

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2
Q

What does B represent?

A

Lowered activation energy due to an enzyme being present

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3
Q

A molecule that REDUCES is a ____ agent

A

oxidizing agent

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4
Q

List 3 ways in which you can see if a molecule has been oxidized

look for….

A
  1. additional oxygens
  2. fewer hydrogens
  3. carbons that have additional bonds to oxygen
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5
Q

Proteins that are more stable have [higher/lower] melting points

A

Higher

higher melting point = more stability

If a question is asking which protein is more stable, it is likely the one with a higher melting point, so look for this info

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6
Q

If a molecule is gaining electrons to carry, it is being [reduced/oxidized]

A

Reduced

reduction = gaining electrons to REDUCE the CHARGE

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7
Q

The process of changing from an optically active compound into an optically inactive compound or mixture. Optically active compounds (which consist of only one enantiomer) are converted into an equal mixture of enantiomers with zero optical activity.

A

racemization

article

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8
Q

True or False

Racemeization requires substitution at a chiral center

A

True

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9
Q

An achiral compound with several chiral centres but no optical activity due to an internal plane of symmetry. Superimposable on its mirror image

article

A

meso-compound

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10
Q

The ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light that is passed through it.

A

optical activity

Compounds that are optically active contain molecules that are chiral, unless it is a meso-compound

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11
Q

Name the isomeric relationship

____ rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions

A

Enantiomers

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12
Q

Organic compounds in which two chiral carbons are present and those two are similar. Have zero net rotation of plane polarised light.

A

mesomer

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13
Q

A process in which the configuration of an atom is changed. If the atom in question is a stereocenter, ____ usually (but not always) changes R absolute configuration into S, and S into R. ____ can also convert cis into trans, or trans into cis.

A

inversion of configuration

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14
Q

If the chiral carbon is not changed in the reaction, a molecule’s sterochemistry is conserved

A

conservation of sterochemistry

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15
Q

chiral centers are ____ hybridized

A

sp3

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16
Q

the Rf of a compound represents the distance traveled by the [solvent front/compound] divided by the distance traveled by the [solvent front/compound]

A

the Rf of a compound represents the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front

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17
Q

A lower Rf value suggests that the molecule in question is more [polar/nonpolar] and therefore [more/less] traveling bc the molecule has [lower/higher] affinity for the stationary phase

A

A lower Rf value suggests that the molecule in question is more polar and therefore less traveling bc the molecule has higher affinity for the stationary phase

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18
Q

True or False

Enzymes can affect ΔS

A

False. ΔS is the change in entropy. Enzymes do not affect thermodynamics at ALL.

If a question asks if an enzymes affect anything involved in the Gibbs Free energy equation the answer is NO

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19
Q

What’s the acronym that can help you remember the colors of vivisble light in order of increasing energy and frequency.

A

ROYGBV

400nm-700nm

Violet has the shortest wavelength and the highest frequency in the visible range

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20
Q

An order of chemical reaction in which the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant, and is proportional to the amount of the reactant.

A

1st order kinetics

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21
Q

chemical reactions wherein the sum of the exponents in the corresponding rate law of the chemical reaction is equal to two. The rate of such a reaction can be written either as r = k[A]2, or as r = k[A][B].

A

second order kinetics

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22
Q

A chemical reaction in which the rate is constant & independent of the concentration of the reactants

A

zeroth order reactions

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23
Q

globular proteins are [water/lipid] soluble, which means that amino acids wiht hydro[phobic/hilllic] side chains are found on their exterior

A

water-soluble, hydrophillic

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24
Q

When G > 0, a reaction is [spontaneous/nonspontaneous]

A

**non**spontaneous

## Footnote

Given **ΔG = ΔH - TΔS**. When a problem gives you a hypothetical reaction and asks you determine its spontaneity given its H, T, or S values, just imagine large values in this equation

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25
A value of K(eq) > 1 suggests that the ΔG° is [greater than/less than] 1
If Keq > 1, then ΔG° < 1 | ΔG° = –RTlnKeq ## Footnote [KA video](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:applications-of-thermodynamics/x2eef969c74e0d802:free-energy-and-equilibrium/v/free-energy-and-equilibrium#:~:text=The%20standard%20change%20in%20free,is%20reactant%2Dfavored%20at%20equilibrium)
26
What is the equation for determining the pH of a substance given its concentration of hydrogens?
pH = -log[(H+)]
27
Given that the stomach contains 0.21N HCl, what is the concentration of hydrogens? What is the pH?
H+ concentration = 0.21N pH = -log(0.21) ## Footnote N in the context of acids is = to H+ per liter of solution. Remember: pH = -log[H+]
28
In a fractional distillation, two molecules may have very similar molecular weight but have different levels of.... | (there can be multiple answers)
intermolecular forces and branching | IMF takes importance
29
If lung elastance is the resistance to stretch, would increased elastance be counteracted by increased pressure per unit volume OR increased work by the intercostal muscles?
increased work by the intercostal muscles | increased elastance = breathing will take more work ## Footnote to counteract decreased lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to expand), work done by the muscles to expand the lungs must increase
30
Energy stored in an object due to a force that temporarily changes its shape, such as squashing or stretching
elastic energy
31
Arteries are more elastic than veins becuase...
Because of their thicker walls ## Footnote remember: elasticity is the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.
32
The ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.
elasticity
33
Decibles are measured on a log scale, thus an increase of 10dB is a ____ increase, and an increase of 20dB is a ____ increase
10x, 20x
34
Proteases are ____, cleaving only L-amino acids
sterospecific | L-amino acids are naturally occuring ones
35
threonine and serine both have [polar/nonpolar] uncharged side chains that contain ____ groups
**polar uncharged** sidechains that contain **hydroxyl groups**
35
What is the trend of the acceleration at part 7 given the graph?
The acceleration is **increasing** in the negative direction
36
work = ....
Power (watts) x Time (seconds) | in Joules or KJ
37
In a cation exchange chomatography, the mobile phase will have [positve/negative] ions binding to the beads
positive | cation exchange chromatography has (-) charged resin ## Footnote cation refers to the ATTRACTED molecule
38
Resistance can be found via Ohm's law, which is....
V = IR | Voltage = Current x Resistance ## Footnote would be R = V x I to find resistance
39
What's the difference between ΔG°rxn and G‡?
ΔG°rxn refers to Gibbs free energy, where G‡ refers to activation energy. | Enzymes only affect G‡
40
What are the two ways in which we could increase the rate of a catylytic reactionn?
1.) Increasing substrate concentration 2.) Increasing enzyme concentration
41
The reaction rate when the enzyme is fully saturated by substrate, indicating that all the binding sites are being constantly reoccupied
Vmax ## Footnote adding susbstate beyond this point will have no effect on reaction rate as the enzyme active sites are saturated [JW Article](https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/control-of-enzyme-activity/kinetics)
42
The substrate concentration at which the reaction is half of the Vmax
Km
43
Given this equation, what happens to Km when the substrate concentration is very high?
When S is very high, we can ignore Km, simplifying the equation to V0 = Vmax ## Footnote [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec)
44
Enzymes are increasingly binding to substrate, increasing the velocity of the reaction. What reaction order is this?
1st order ## Footnote [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec)
45
All of the enzyme's active sites are occupied by substrate. Adding more substrates at this point is not changing the reaction's velocity. What order of kinetics is this?
0th order ## Footnote [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec)
46
# True or False Enzyme-substrate reactions are reversible
True | E + S ⇌ ES ## Footnote [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec)
47
What happens to Km when V0 is equal to half of Vmax?
Km = [S] ## Footnote Remember, Km is the substrate concentration at which the reaction is **half of the Vmax** [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec)
48
# Name the enzyme inhibition Induces conformational change that prevents the enzyme from forming products
**Non-competitive** inhibition | non-competitive inhibition changes enzyme ACTIVITY ## Footnote The binding of this allosteric inhibitor **changes the conformation** of the enzyme so the enzyme-substrate complex cannot perform catylytic activity. This means the enzyme cannot catylyze a reaction to form a product.
49
Where do **non-competitive** inhibitors bind, and what is their effects on Km and Vmax?
* Bind at allosteric site (any region other than active site) * Does not affect Km * Decreases Vmax ## Footnote Non-competitive inhibitors don't affect the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate (Km) because the active site is not competed for by the inhibitor However, the Vmax is decreased because increasing the substrate concentration will not overcome the inhibition
50
# Name the enzyme inhibition This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
**Noncompetitive**
51
# Name the type of inhibition Only binds to an enzyme when a substrate is present
**Uncompetitive** inhibition | only binds to ES complex ## Footnote This inhibitor complex forms mostly under concentrations of high substrate and the ES-I complex cannot release product while the inhibitor is bound, thus result in reduced Vmax. Km is reduced because an enzyme's affininity for its substrate increases
52
# True or False In both non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition, the amount of product that is formed decreases
**True** ## Footnote Note: the Vmax of both of these inhibitions decreases. For noncompetive inhibition, this is because the enzyme's catylytic activity is hindered. In uncompetitive inhibiton, this is because the substrate stays bound to the enzyme
53
A low Km value means....
Only a small amount of substrate is needed to saturate the enzyme, indicating a high affinity for substrate.
54
Why does an enzyme's affinity for its substrate increase with uncompetititve inhibition? | Why does Km decrease with uncompetitive inhibition?
Because the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex and then changes the enzyme's conformation, it makes it incredibly difficult for the substrate to become unbound from the enzyme (substrate gets stuck!). Thus, the apparent affinity of the substrate for the enzyme is dramatically increased
55
This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
**Uncompetitive** inhibition
56
This Lineweaver-Burk plot is for which type of inhibition?
**Competitive** inhbition
57
In competitive inhibition, why does the Vmax stay the same while the Km increases?
The reaction can eventually reach its Vmax, but it takes a higher concentration of substrate to get it there. The extra substrate makes the substrate molecules abundant enough to consistently “beat” the inhibitor to the enzyme.
58
A reaction with a large positve ΔH and a large negative ΔS would indicate that the chemical reaction is [spontaneous/not spontaneous]
**Not** spontaneous. ## Footnote Given the **ΔG = ΔH - TΔS**, a large positive ΔH minus a large negative number gives a large positive number as a result, and a positive ΔG means that the reaction is not spontaneous
59
How can you tell if a molecule is being reduced?
A molecule gains a bond to hydrogen
60
____ has *more* entropy than liquids
Gases ## Footnote entropy = disorder gases have more disorder because their molecules are bouncing all over the place
61
The change in heat for a **given phase** is represented by the equation....
q=mcΔT ## Footnote If a substance is changing phases, this equation's realionships are no longer valid.
62
A problem says you have to find the highest period of a sound wave. What equation would you use?
**f = 1/T** where f is frequency and T = period
63
What equation represents the relationship between power and intensity? Power and energy?
I = P/A, P = W/t, thus **W = Pt = IAt** ## Footnote I = intensity P = power A =area of surface W = work t = time spent listening to sound
64
occurs when the maxima of two waves add together (the two waves are in phase), so that the amplitude of the resulting wave is equal to the sum of the individual amplitudes
constructive interference
65
when two waves overlap in such a way that they cancel each other out
destructive interference
66
photons have a ____ charge
trick question, **NO CHARGE** ## Footnote (regardless of what decay its from). Magnetic fields only affect CHARGED particles
67
the ____ of any system is equal to the pH where exactly **half **of the compound in solution is in the **protonated form** and half is in the **deprotonated form**
**pKa**
68
Deprotanation occurs at [high/low] pH and [acidic/basic] conditions
Deprotanation occurs at **high** pH and **basic** conditions
69
a portion of a molecule, which may be a functional group, or describe a portion of a molecule with multiple functional groups which share common structural aspects
moiety
70
indicates the total number of pi bonds and rings within a molecule
degrees of unsaturation ## Footnote for an MCAT problem, you can just look at the number of bonds that change in the portion of the molecule undergoing transformation, and the number of rings that change It is important to note that the removal of two protic hydrogens does not result in increasing the degree of unsaturation if the charges are localized on individual atoms
71
a molecule during a transformation gains 1 pi bonds and loses 1 ring. What is the degree of unsaturation?
0
72
a chemical addition reaction in which a nucleophile forms a sigma bond with an electron-deficient species.
nucleophillic addition ## Footnote These reactions are considered very important in organic chemistry since they enable the conversion of carbonyl groups into a variety of functional groups
73
An electron rich species that can donate a pair of electrons
nucleophile
74
an electron poor species that can accept a pair of electrons
electrophile
75
____ substances are Lewis acids (compounds that accept electron pairs), and many of them are Brønsted acids (compounds that donate protons).
electrophilic
76
____ increases going down the periodic table due to greater size and polarizability
Nucleophilicity
77
stronger nucleophiles make reaction go [faster/slower]
Faster
78
A D-sugar has an [R/S] configuration at the last stereocenter in the molecule, while an L-sugar has the [R/S] configuration.
A D-sugar has an **R** configuration at the last stereocenter in the molecule, while an L-sugar has the **S** configuration.
79
IV administration allows a drug to bypass the ____ , the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism
liver
80
# True or False Drug absorption is poor through the oral and rectal mucosa
True
81
A problem asks you to find the angle between the pole of a swing carousel that's moving people in a circular motion and the people sitting in the swing chairs. What equation would you use to solve this problem?
Torque = τ = Fd sinθ ## Footnote F is the force creating torque, d is the distance from the force to the rotation point, and θ is the angle between F and d.
82
What is the relationship between Force and Mass
F = ma
83
A force pointing into the center of the circle
centripedal force
84
the apparent outward force on a mass when it is rotated
centrifugal force ## Footnote Think of a ball on the end of a string that is being twirled around, or the outward motion you feel when turning a curve in a car.
85
All mammallian amino acids except the achiral glycine, all have an L configuration, which corresponds to an [R/S] stereocenter at the alpha carbon.
**S** stereocenter
86
# True or False All things undergo forces from higher potential energy to lower
True
87
Equation for change in potential energy given a charge
ΔPE= qΔd ## Footnote change in potential energy = charge x change in distance between electrical field/electric plates
88
Where do electrical field lines point?
Away from a positive charge and towards a negative point
89
Equation for 2nd order rate law
r = k[A]2
90
Name the 5 factors that affect the dissociation constant of hemoglobin
1. pH 2. temperature 3. carbon dioxide (CO2) 4. 2,3-BPG 5. carbon monoxide (CO) ## Footnote adding any significant acid or base can affect the pH!
91
# True or False Cells require the **same** number of NAD+ electron carriers compared to FAD electron carriers, in order to harvest ATP from fatty acids
Cells require ***more than twice*** the number of NAD+ electron carriers compared to FAD electron carriers, in order to harvest ATP from fatty acids
92
Fatty acid catabolism starts in the ____, and is mostly performed in the ____
starts in the cytosol, performed in mitochondrial matrix ## Footnote fatty acid catabolism = beta oxidation

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