B/B Review Flashcards
When the heart muscle contracts, pushing blood out
systole
Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids
protease
ssDNA is held together by what type of bond?
phosphodiester bonds
How is ssDNA denatured?
When the nucleases break apart their phosphodiester bonds that hold the individual nucleotides
note: Slight increases in heat would NOT break apart these bonds. They would for hydrogen bonds in dsDNA though
DNA renaturation involves the formation of base pairs. This is an [exothermic/endothermic] process
exothermic process
heat is released
forming bonds is ALWAYS exothermic
Bond breaking is an [endothermic/exothermic] process
endothermic process
because it REQUIRES energy
adds nucleotides to growing DNA chains and participates in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
True or False
Proteins lose 3D shape when they’re denatured, but not their amino acid (primary) formation
True
this breaks the hydrogen bonds
myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)
oligondendrocyte
Signals from neurons that have myelin degredation would disspiate [faster/slower] than healthy neurons
faster
genetic regulatory system found in bacteria and their viruses in which genes coding for functionally related proteins are clustered along the DNA
operon
a region of DNA upstream of a gene where relevant proteins (such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors) bind to initiate transcription of that gene
promoter
a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes
regulator gene
genes that code for proteins and RNAs except regulatory factors
structural genes
a series of three genes in bacteria that produce the necessary enzymes to obtain energy from lactose.
lac operon
organic compounds without a benzene ring
aliphatic compounds
catalyse the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP molecules to a specific substate.
kinase
catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion.
ATPase
use water molecules to dephosphorylate a substrate
phosphatase
Presence of the Effector
enables transcription
inducible regulation
Presence of the Effector
blocks transcription
repressible regulation
The Repressor binds
to the Operator
to block transcription
Negative Regulation
The Activator binds
to the Operator
to enable transcription
Positive Regulation
True or False
Cellular components like lymphocytes, antibodies, proteins, etc are a lot larger than ions and glucose. Unless otherwise stated, don’t assume they can diffuse through membranes
true
True or false
a single mutation event is almost always more likely than multiple events
True
having only one sex chromosome
monosomy
Monosomy’s are usually unviable; they tend to result in a plethora of health problems that cause infantile death
True or False
Multiple mutation events are just as likely as a single mutation event
False. A single mutation event is almost always more likely than multiple events
Paternal nondisjunction conferring two copies of a gene would result in what genetic condition?
trisomy
two copies from the father, and one from the mother
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei
nondisjunction
another name for amino acids.
Monomeric proteins
the fatty acid chains of triglycerides contain ____ fatty acids
the fatty acid chains of triglycerides contain 18 fatty acids
glycogen breaksdown into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose
glycogenolysis
An increase in glycogenolysis would lead to a [increase/decrease] in glycogen levels
An increase in glycogenolysis would lead to a decrease in glycogen levels
used as an energy source during the elongation and translocation steps of translation
GTP
increases the MW of a molecule (because it is becoming a macromolecule of repeating segments)
oligomerization
First step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
mRNA is “decoded” to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids.
translation
in this stage of translation, the ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin.
initiation
in this stage of translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a chain.
elongation
allows filtration (movement from the circulation into the nephron tubule) of small molecules while blocking the filtration of plasma proteins)
glomerulus
Name the kidney structure
reabsorption of water, which serves to concentrate the filtrate.
descending loop of Henle
Capillaries that supply nutrients to the nephron. Not part of filtration process itself as they are not apart of the nephron
vasa recta
True or False
Salt is PASSIVELY filtered into Bowman’s capsule at the glomerulus and does not require active sectretion to become a part of the filtrate.
True
How is sugar filtered through the glomerulus and proximal convuluted tubule?
Sugar is passively filtered at the glomerulus and then ACTIVELY reabsorbed in proximal convulated tubule
If less water is reabsorbed through the loop of Henle, [more/less] water is eventually excreted in urine
If less water is reabsorbed through the loop of Henle, more water is eventually excreted in urine
One of many causes of this could be glucose being trapped in the nephron isntead of being reabsorbed
The balance point of catalysis. The state corresponding to the highest potential energy along this reaction coordinate
Transition state
Process where a metabolite produced early in a pathway activates an enzyme that catalyze a reaction further down the pathway.
feed-forward activation/stimulation
Ex: pyruvate kinase being stimulated by fructose-1,6-biphosphate in glycolysis
The most destructive mutations are ….
frameshift mutations
move stuff around
mutation causes the substitution of one amino acid for another
missense mutation
does not always cause mutations, is possible though
What’s the mnenonic for southern, western, and northern blots?
uses fluorescent DNA probes to bind to chromosomes and could detect a translocation by detecting a gene on an unexpected chromosome
fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
When the electron transport chain is not available to make energy (ATP) the cells will rely solely on anaerobic respiration. What is another name for this process?
Glycolysis
This process needs to be amped up by the body increasing glucose consumption in order for ATP levels to be normal
Antibodies are secreted by ____ into the blood and are classified as ____ immunity
B-cells, classified as humoral immunity
T-cell mediated response is classified as ____ immunity. nnate immunity refers to the general, non-specific protection the body provides (e.g., tears, skin, complement system)
cell-mediated immunity
cell-mediated immunity involve the destruction of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells, or the destruction of intracellular pathogens by macrophages
RT-PCR is performed on RNA, to….
give information on gene expression
RT-PCR is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
