Reproduction

Question 1

What is sexual reproduction

Answer 1

• non-identical offspring
• male and female, gametes
• variation (adaptions)
• slower reproduction

Question 2

What is asexual reproduction

Answer 2

• identical offspring
• faster reproduction
• One parent, no gametes
• no variation

Question 3

Female anatomy and roles

Answer 3

Oviduct - where egg is released to, connects ovary to uterus and moves egg along using cilia
Ovary - releases hormones + eggs
Uterus - development of embryo, muscular
Cervix - prevents entry of bacteria to uterus, Elastic, muscular tube
Vagina - receives penis during intercourse , deposition of sperm

Question 4

Definition of fertilisation

Answer 4

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a Zygote

Question 5

Male anatomy and role

Answer 5

Seminal vesicle - semen is produced (sperm, water, fructose, buffer)
Sperm duct - carries sperm from the testes to urethra
Urethra - carries semen and urine out of the body
Testes - where sperm is produced and testosterone
Epidermis - stores sperm
Scrotum - supports testes and regulates temperature

Question 6

What does the placenta do

Answer 6

• A disk like structure with fingerlike projections called placental villi embedded in the uterus wall.
• The fetal and maternal blood flow close to each other and material exchanges by diffusion.
• maternal to fetal = oxygen, glucose, antibodies
• Fetal to maternal = carbon dioxide and urea

Question 7

What is around the fetus

Answer 7

• The amniotic sac and amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus to support and protect it from bumps

Question 8

Hormones, which and what do they do

Answer 8

Oestrogen : builds up lining, development of secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone : maintains lining
Testosterone : development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 9

Facts on chromosomes

Answer 9

Gametes - 23 chromosomes

Zygote - 46 , undergoes cell division (mitosis) and develops into an embryo

Question 10

Germination facts and definition

Answer 10

Process by which new plants grow from seeds

• needs oxygen (respiration), water (solvent for enzymes), warmth (increases rate of enzymes) and no light (no photosynthesis)

Question 11

Definition of cross pollination

Answer 11

Transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another

Question 12

Seed anatomy and roles

Answer 12

Testa : tough seed coat
Plumule : embryo shoot
Radicle : embryo root
Micropyle : hole made by pollen tube
Cotyledon : seed leaves, starch store

Question 13

What does the microphyle do

Answer 13

Allows water to enter seed tissue, solvent for enzymes to dissolve in

Question 14

What is starch store for

Answer 14

• seeds can’t photosynthesis
• food stores = starch
  Starch -> glucose
• glucose used for respiration
• produces ATP to release energy for growth

Question 15

How does a pollen tube grow

Answer 15

1. Pollen lands on stigma
2. Pollen tube grows using digestive enzymes through the style
3. Pollen tube grows into ovary entering the ovule through microphyle
4. Fusion of pollen nucleus and ovum nucleus creating a zygote ( fertilisation )
5. Zygote develops into seed, ovule into seed coat, ovary into fruit

Question 16

Flower anatomy and role

Answer 16

Petals
Anther : contain cells which produce pollen, part of stamen
Filament: joins the anther to the rest of the flower, part of stamen
Nectary: makes nectar in insect pollinated flowers
Sepals: Green leaf like structures, protect the flower when it is in bud.
Stigma: where the pollen lands, part of pistil
Style: part of pistil
Ovary : protects female gamete, part of pistil
Ovule : female gamete, part of pistil

Question 17

Wind pollinated plants

Answer 17

Small petals, No scent , No nectar, lots of smooth, light pollen, Large, feathery stigmas which hang outside

Question 18

Insect pollinated plants

Answer 18

Large and bright petals, scent , Nectar, large pollen, anther and stigma are outside the flower, mimicry

Question 19

Gametes are brought together by

Answer 19

Copulation