Cloning + genetic modification + asexual reproduction Flashcards
Dolly steps
- haploid ovum from ovary of egg donor sheep
- nucleus is enucleated from egg
- diploid body cell from udder
- empty egg and nucleus from body cell fused using a spark of electricity
- embryo into surrogate mother: mitosis
- birth of dolly
Micropropagation
1) explants (small pieces of tissue) are taken from parent plant
2) they are dipped in bleach to sterilise them (kill microorganisms)
3) explant is put in sterile nutrient agar jelly
4) plant hormones are added to stimulate the cells to grow and divide with optimum conditions (light, temperature, minerals, CO2)
5) cells grow into callus
6) growth regulators are added to encourage the callus to grow shoots and roots
7) plantlets are transferred into potting trays containing soil where they develop into plants/ clones
Cloning definition
Production of genetically identical offspring
Genetic modification of insulin
1) insulin gene cut using restriction enzymes (complimentary sticky end)
2) vector (plasmid/virus) cut with same restriction enzyme
3) DNA ligase enzyme added to seal overhang making recombinant DNA which is introduced into bacterial cell
4) recombinant DNA molecules replicate and cells divide (clones)
5) grow in a fermenter (optimum temperature, pH, glucose)
6) isolate human insulin, purify before use
Transgenic definition
Transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species
What does restriction enzyme cut
What is a vector
Double stranded DNA
Vector carries foreign DNA
Asexual reproduction, runners
- send out runners which are horizontally growing stems
- these plants will produce adventitious roots down into the soil and new shoots above ground
- the runners will then break away and a new plant is growing
Asexual reproduction: cuttings
- Cut new growth from parent plant
- dip cutting in rooting hormone
- plant the cutting in a pot of compost
- provide it with optimal conditions to grow (light temperature minerals CO2 water)
