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Biology > Coordination And Response > Flashcards

Coordination And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Reflex pathway

A
  • stimulus
  • receptor
  • sensory neurone
  • relay neurone
  • motor neurone
  • effector
  • response
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2
Q

Sclera

A

Tough white overcoating of the eye

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3
Q

Cornea

A

Front part of the sclera which is transparent and let’s light into the eye

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4
Q

Iris

A

Coloured ring of tissue which controls/varies the amount of light entering the eye

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5
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the iris, allows light into the eye

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6
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure which has flexible shape and focuses light onto the retina

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7
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Ring of muscle which controls the shape of the lens for light focusing

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8
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Fibres that hold the lens in place (attached to the ciliary muscle)

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9
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Clear liquid that supports the spherical shape of the eye

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10
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive layer and contains millions of light sensitive cells:

Rods - sensitive in low light intensities, and only detect black and white.
Cones - distinguish colour

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11
Q

Fovea

A

Area of high concentration of densely packed cone cells. Responsible for colour vision in humans.

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12
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries nerve impulses from the rods and cones to the brain.

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13
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves the retina. It contains no rods or cones

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14
Q

Choroid

A

Layer underneath the sclera. It is dark because it contains many pigment cells this stops light from being reflected around the eye. It is also packed with blood vessels

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15
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Thin epithelium continuous with the cornea

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16
Q

Nervous vs hormonal coordination

A

Nervous:

  • electrical impulses
  • transported along neurones
  • short acting/lasting
  • travel quickly
  • specific effects : single sets of cells (localised)

Hormonal:

  • chemical signals
  • transported in the blood
  • longer acting/lasting
  • travel slowly (speed of blood)
  • general effects on variety of organs (general)
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17
Q

Endocrine system

A

A collection of glands which release hormones into the blood

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18
Q

Hormone definition

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood

19
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

The process of maintaining a constant internal environment

20
Q

ADH

A

Function: water balance

Release from: pituitary gland

21
Q

Insulin

A

Function: blood-glucose balance

Release from: pancreas

22
Q

Adrenaline

A

Function: speeds up heart rate/ increase blood pressure

Release from: adrenal glands

23
Q

Testosterone

A

Function: secondary sexual characteristics

Release from: testes

24
Q

Progesterone

A

Function: maintains uterus lining

Release from: ovary

25
Q

Oestrogen

A

Function: builds up uterus lining, secondary sexual characteristics
Release from: ovary

26
Q

4 homeostasis processes

A

Temperature-> thermo regulation
Blood sugar level -> glucoregulation
Body water content -> osmoregulation
Salts/ions -> osmoregulation

27
Q

Nervous system

A
  • central nervous system (CNS) made of brain and spinal cord, electrical signals travel along neurones attached by synapses.
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS)
28
Q

Reflex pathway

A

Involuntary
Only involve spinal cord
Faster

29
Q

Reason for reflex

A

To prevent damage

30
Q

What is a tropism

A

It is a plants growth response to a stimuli

31
Q

Phototropism

A
  • a growth in response to light
  • positive or negative
  • the shoot is positively phototropic - grow towards light
32
Q

Geotropism

A
  • a growth in response to gravity

* plants shoot is negative, plants roots are positive

33
Q

How are tropisms in plants controlled

A

by plants hormones called auxin

34
Q

Auxin in shoots

A
  • produced in tip

* diffuses away from the tip, down the stem and stimulates cell elongation (not the growth of more cells)

35
Q

How do auxins work

A

They move towards the shaded part of a shoot and elongate those cells

36
Q

Auxin in roots

A
  • produced in root tip

* auxin INHIBITS cell elongation in the tip allowing it to grow down into soul for water and to act as a anchor

37
Q

What happens to the iris in bright light

A
  • circular muscles contract
  • radial muscles relax
  • pupils constricts
38
Q

What happens to the iris in dim light

A
  • circular muscles relax
  • radial muscles contract
  • pupils dilates
39
Q

Focusing on a nearby object

A

Light rays diverging so lens needs to refract light more

  1. Ciliary muscles contract
  2. Suspensory ligaments slack
  3. Lens more rounded
40
Q

Focusing in a distant object

A

Parallel light rays so no need to refract light as much

  1. Ciliary muscles relax
  2. Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
  3. Lens flattens
41
Q

Blood sugar level control

A

Normal blood sugar level -> too much glucose in blood -> pancreas -> hormone insulin -> liver (glucose to insoluble glycogen) -> normal blood sugar level

42
Q

Maintaining temperature in cold

A
  • hair erector muscle contract to lift hair up, traps a layer of insulating air
  • no sweating
  • vascoconstriction of blood vessels near surface
43
Q

Maintaining temperature in warm

A
  • hair erector muscle relaxes to allow hairs to flatten
  • sweat produced; evaporation allows heat to be transferred away from body
  • vasodilation of arterioles near body surface to allow heat within blood to be removed
44
Q

Osmoregulation: negative feedback loop

A
  • Water level rise by the hypothalamus in brain
  • stimulates the pituitary gland to stop releasing ADH
  • less ADH travels in blood to kidneys, and so the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water - less water is reabsorbed into blood stream.

Biology (16 decks)

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