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Year 3 Anatomy > Reproduction 2 > Flashcards

Reproduction 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the internal female reproductive organs?

A

Uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina and ovaries

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2
Q

In females the duct system for the transference of _______ is _______ and leads to the ______ which is the site of ____________ and ___________ of the zygote.

A

In females the duct system for the transference of gametes is short and leads to the uterus which is the site of implantation and development of the zygote.

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3
Q

What three structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Cervix, vagina, vulva

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium: outer serous coat, peritoneum & connective tissue
Myometrium: middle smooth muscle coat
Endometrium: inner mucosa coat (blastocyst implants here)

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5
Q

What two layers of the uterus are adhered firmly together?

A

Endometrium firmly adhered to the myometrium.

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6
Q

As pregnancy progresses, the uterus physiologically splits into two segments. What are these called? What do these segments develop from?

A

Upper and lower segments
Upper - body of uterus
Lower - isthmus and cervix

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7
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed and anteverted
Anteflexion = tipping forward uterine body in comparison to the cervix
Anteversion = tipping forward of whole organ compared to the vagina

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8
Q

What could happen in early pregnancy if the uterus is retroverted and retroflexed?

A

Uterine incarceration is an obstetrical complication whereby a growing retroverted uterus becomes wedged into the pelvis after the first trimester of pregnancy

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9
Q

At any surgical management of miscarriage why might it be important to know prior to instrumentation of the uterine cavity whether the uterus is anteverted or retroverted?

A

To minimise risk of perforation of the uterus

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10
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recess around the protruding cervix

Split into anterior, posterior and lateral parts

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11
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior fornix

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12
Q

Why is it important to be able to reach the rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) via the posterior fornix)?

A

Pouch of Douglas is commonly a site where fluid collects and if you can gain access to it via the posterior fornix you will be able to drain it

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13
Q

What ligaments firmly anchor the uterus and cervix in place?

A

Ligament of the ovary
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Round ligament of the uterus
Broad ligament

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14
Q

Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia) is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

Cardinal ligament (attaches cervix to the lateral pelvic walls)

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15
Q

Apart from pelvic fascia, what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?

A

The tone of the pelvic floor

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16
Q

Give a description of the four parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum - funnel shaped distal end that opens into peritoneal cavity

Ampulla - widest and longest part

Isthmus - thick walled part that enters the uterine horn

Intramural/uterine part - short segment that passes through the wall of the uterus & opens into uterine cavity

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17
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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18
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy in which the ovum implants outside the endometrium of the uterine cavity (most commonly in the uterine tube)

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19
Q

What is cornual ectopic?

A

Rare type of ectopic pregnancy where the pregnancy implants in the cornua of the uterus

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20
Q

In which fossa to the ovaries fit?

A

Ovarian fossa

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21
Q

Repeated pregnancies may do what to the ovaries?

A

Displace their position

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22
Q

How do the ovaries appear after menopause?

A

Atrophied and fibrous

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23
Q

What ligament stretches from the ovary to the uterus?

A

Ligament of the ovary

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24
Q

what ligament stretches from the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

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25
Q

What are the two major arteries supplying the gonads and genitalia?

A

Gonadal arteries and internal iliac arteries

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26
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

Abdominal aorta at L2

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27
Q

Where does the ovarian artery travel?

A

Within the suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament

28
Q

With which artery does the ovarian artery freely anastomose with?

A

The uterine artery

29
Q

Which vein does the left ovarian vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

30
Q

What vein does the right ovarian vein drain into?

A

Right renal vein

31
Q

Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter?

A

At the level of the ischial spine at the junction b.w. the cervix and lateral part of the fornix of the vagina

32
Q

What is commonly injured during hysterectomy?

A

Ureter

33
Q

Lymph from labia and the distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

34
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the ovary?

A

Right and let lumbar/aortic lymph nodes

35
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the upper uterine body and fundus?

A

Pre-aortic group of lymph nodes

36
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from most of the uterine body?

A

External iliac lymph nodes

37
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the uterine cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

38
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the lower vagina?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

39
Q

What kind of glands are in the breast?

A

Mammary glands - modified sweat glands

40
Q

In which fascia do the breast lie?

A

Superficial fascia of the pectoral region

41
Q

What is the structure of the breasts?

A

15-20 lobules with tubule-acinar gland (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)

42
Q

Where do the breasts extend from horizontally and vertically?

A

Vertically: 2nd to 6th rib
Horizontally: border of sternum to midaxillary line

43
Q

What three muscles is the deep surface of the breast related to?

A

Pectoralis major and minor and serratus anterior

44
Q

What is the main blood supply of the breasts?

A

Medial mammary branches from the subclavian artery

Mammary branches from the lateral thoracic and thoracocacromial arteries (from axillary artery)

Posterior i.c. arteries

45
Q

What are the main groups of lymph nodes draining the breasts?

A

Axillary lymph nodes (lat. quadrants, 75% of lymph)

Parasternal lymph nodes (medial quadrants)

Supraclavicular lymph nodes

46
Q

Which group of lymph nodes first receives from the lateral quadrants of the breast?

A

Anterior pectoral lymph nodes (axillary group)

47
Q

Is it possible for lymph from medial side of one breast to drain to the opposite breast?

A

Yes

48
Q

Breast tissue undergoes cyclical changes in activity, which is controlled by what?

A

Hormones of the ovarian cycle

49
Q

What does lactating breast tissue look like histologically?

A

Acini distended with milk

V. thin septa

50
Q

What does inactive breast tissue look like histologically?

A

Extensive, branching duct system
Fibrous interlobular tissue
Ducts lined with luminal epithelium and myoepithelium

51
Q

What does pregnant breast tissue look like histologically?

A

Enlarged lobules

Acini dilated

52
Q

What does the uterus look like histologically during the proliferative phase (where oestrogen causes the endometrium to grow)?

A

Few, thin, straight glands

53
Q

What does the uterus look like histologically during the secretory phase (where progresterone increases blood flow to the uterus to make it mores suitable for implantation)?

A

Corkscrew glands

54
Q

What does the oviduct look like histologically?

A

Highly folded mucosa protruding into lumen

Muscularis mucosae layer with surrounding serosa

55
Q

What does the ovary appear like histologically?

A

Follicles present

56
Q

What does a primary follicle appear like histologically?

A

2 layers of surrounding cells

57
Q

What does a Graffian follicle appear like histologically?

A

Surrounded by loads of granulosa cells and single antrum containing follicular fluid

58
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

Trophoblasts following implantation of the blastocyst into uterine endometrium

59
Q

What side of the placenta appears rough and spongey?

A

Maternal side

60
Q

Which side of the placenta appears smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord?

A

Foetal side

61
Q

List 4 functions of the placenta

A

Gaseous exchange
Allows for transport of nutrients to foetus
Removal of waste products from foetus (urea, uric acid ,creatinine)
Produces hormones (e.g. hCG, progesterone, oestrogen…)

62
Q

When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

Third stage of labour after delivery of the foetus

63
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain?

A

Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

64
Q

What is the function of the umbilical arteries in the fetal circulation?

A

Carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away

65
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vein in the fetal circulation?

A

Carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to foetus

66
Q

What is also in the umbilical cord with the vessels? What is it’s purpose?

A

Wharton’s jelly

It protects the BVs

Year 3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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