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Year 3 Anatomy > Lower Limb 4 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat filled, diamond shaped space posterior to the knee joint

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2
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Upper medial - semimembranosus
Upper lateral - biceps femoris
Lower - medial and lateral heads of gastroc

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3
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Tibial and common fibular nerves
Popliteal artery and vein and their branches
Termination of the small saphenous vein
Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What is a popliteal aneurysm?

A

Abnormal dilatation of part/all of the popliteal artery

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5
Q

Collectively the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg do what?

A

Plantarflex and invert the foot

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6
Q

What muscles are in the superficial posterior leg group?

A

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus

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7
Q

What is the action of gastrocnemius?

A

Flexes the ankle and the knee

Essential for a walking gait

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8
Q

What innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

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9
Q

What is the action of plantaris?

A

Weakly assists the gastrocnemius in plantarflexing the ankle
Function mainly proprioceptive

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10
Q

What artery supplies all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

What is it a branch of?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Branch of popliteal artery

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11
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallicus longus

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12
Q

What is the action of popliteus?

A

Weak knee flexor

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13
Q

What is the action of tibialis posterior?

A

Unlocks knee from extended position, plantar flexes ankle, inverts foot

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14
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes 4 digits, plantarflexes ankle

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15
Q

What is the action of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexes big toe, weakly plantar flexes the ankle

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16
Q

Where do all the posterior leg muscles pass?

A

(Apart from popliteus) pass to sole of foot posterior to the medial malleolus

17
Q

How can you remember the structures passing behind the medial malleolus?

A 
Tom - posterior tibialis 
Dick - flexor digitorum longus 
And - posterior tibial artery 
Very - posterior tibial vein 
Nervous - tibial nerve 
Harry - flexor hallucis longus
18
Q

What is the function of the foot?

A

Supports body weight, plays role in locomotion

19
Q

What are the tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, intermediate, medial and lateral cuneforms

20
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

Presenting as heel pain generally brought on by overuse (e.g. running) or increase in weight

21
Q

Where does eversion/inversion occur?

A

Subtalar joints

Ball and socket joint between the talus and navicular allow foot to pivot from side to side

Joint between the talus and calcaneus allow the foot to slide from side to side

Some movement also at traverse tarsal joints

22
Q

Why is inversion/eversion important?

A

For coping with walking on uneven ground/balancing on one leg

23
Q

Muscles of the foot are arranged into how many layers?

A

4

24
Q

What is the action of the muscles of the foot?

A

Flexion of the toes - essential for the push off the ground phase of the gait cycle

25
Q

What muscles are in layer 1 of the foot and what is this layer deep to?

A

Deep to plantar fascia

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi

26
Q

What muscles are in layer two of the foot?

A

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
Tendons of FDL also pass through this layer

27
Q

What do the lumbricals attach to?

A

FDL

28
Q

What is the nervous supply to the foot?

A

Two terminal branches of the tibial nerve - the medial and lateral plantar nerves

29
Q

What is the arterial supply to the foot?

A

Posterior tibial artery terminal branches - medial and lateral plantar arteries

30
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A

2 longitudinal

1 transverse

31
Q

What is the function of the arches of the feet?

A

Distribute body weight and act as shock absorbers

Body weight acting vertically downwards on the talus forces the navicular and calcaneus apart

Force resisted by muscle tendons crossing the joint and the calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

32
Q

What does the spring ligament do?

A

Help maintain the medial longitudinal arch and contributes to the subtalar joints

33
Q

What are the passive factors maintaining the integrity of the foot arches?

A

Shape of united bones
Plantar aponeuosis
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament

34
Q

What are the dynamic factors maintaining the integrity of the foot arches?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Long flexor tendons
Tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus

35
Q

What is pes planus due to?

A

Dysfunction of the dynamic or passive factors maintaining the integrity of the foot arches

Year 3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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