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Year 3 Anatomy > Lower Limb 2 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

Bony ring consisting of the sacrum and right and left hip bones
Joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis and posteriorly at sacroiliac joints

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2
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

Two hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

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3
Q

What are the 4 articulations of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac joints
Pubic symphysis
Sacrococcygeal symphysis

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4
Q

What is the greater sciatic foramen a route for?

A

Structures entering/leaving the pelvis

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5
Q

What is the lesser sciatic foramen a route for?

A

Structures entering/leaving the perineum

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6
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

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7
Q

What is the nerve supply to tensor fascia latae, gluteus minimus and medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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8
Q

What are the nerve roots of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

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9
Q

What muscles are in the deep layer of the gluteal region?

A 
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior gemelli 
Inferior gemelli 
Quadratus femoris
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10
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

Deep fascial investment of the whole thigh, beginning proximally around the iliac crest and ending at the bony prominences of the tibia

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11
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Longitudinal thickening of the fascia lata (strengthened from fibres of the gluteus maximus)

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12
Q

What muscles attach to the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickened aponeuroses or the tensor fascia latae and gluteus maximus

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13
Q

On what muscle does the sacral plexus sit?

A

Piriformis

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14
Q

What are the nerve roots making up the sacral plexus?

A

S1-4 and L4-5 makes it the lumbosacral plexus

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15
Q

What are the main branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic and pudendal nerve

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16
Q

What are the other branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal
Posterior femoral cutaneous
Nerve to piriformis, nerve to quadratus femoris, nerve to obturator internus, nerve to levator ani and coccygeus

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17
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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18
Q

What are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

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19
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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20
Q

From where does the sciatic nerve emerge?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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21
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

Common fibular and tibial nerve

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22
Q

What is the action of the sciatic nerve?

A

Innervates all posterior thigh and hamstring portion of adductor magnus and all lower leg and foot by its terminal branches

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23
Q

What are the muscles making up the hamstrings (L–>M)?

A

Biceps femoris (long and short head)
Semitendiosus
Semimembranosus

24
Q

What are the actions of the hamstrings?

A

Extend the hip and flex the knee

Biceps femoris also laterally rotates the hip and knee
Semitenidosus/semimembranosus also medially rotate the hip and knee

25
Q

What innervates the hamstrings?

A

Sciatic nerve

26
Q

What kind of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial hinge

27
Q

What actions can occur at the knee joint?

A

Flexion and extension

Small active and passive rotations

28
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the knee?

A

Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Tibia
Posterior surface of the patella

2 femorotibial articulations (M and L) between the lateral and medial femoral and tibial condyles and 1 femoropatellar articulation between the patella and femur

29
Q

What bone is not involved in the knee joint?

A

Fibula

30
Q

What does the stability of the knee depend on?

A

Strength and action of surrounding muscles and their tendons

Ligaments connecting the femur and tibia

31
Q

What is the most important thing that stabilises the knee?

A

Quadriceps femoris (esp vastus medialis and lateralis)

32
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee joint thickenings of?

A

The joint capsule

33
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee?

A

Fibular/lateral collateral
Tibial/medial collateral
ACL and PCL

34
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament extend from?

A

Lateral epicondyle of femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibular

35
Q

Where does the popliteus tendon pass?

A

Deep to the LCL and separates it from lateral meniscus

36
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament extend from?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle and upper part of the medial surface of the tibia

37
Q

What is the MCL attached to?

A

At its midpoint firmly attached to medial meniscus

Tearing of MCL can lead to tearing of medial meniscus as a result

38
Q

What is the appearance of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Cross to form an X

39
Q

What is the function of ACL?

A

Prevent femur sliding posteriorly on the tibia and prevents posterior dislocation and hyperextension of the knee

40
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Prevents femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia

41
Q

Why is the ACL more prone to injury and hard to repair?

A

Weaker than PCL

Poorer blood supply

42
Q

What are menisci?

A

C shaped plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia

43
Q

How can you distinguish between the lateral and medial menisci?

A

Medial - C shaped and firmly attached to deep surface of MCL
Lateral - circular, no attachment and therefore more mobile

44
Q

What are the functions of the menisci?

A

Deepen articular surface of tibia –> increased stability of joint
Act as shock absr

45
Q

What are the functions of the menisci?

A

Deepen articular surface of tibia –> increased stability of joint
Act as shock absorbers by increasing SA to further dissipate forces

46
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

Impacts to knee generally come from lateral direction putting stress on medial collateral ligament, ,which tears in turn tearing the medial meniscus
This puts a bit load on ACL which also tears
Leading to the three injuries

47
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

48
Q

What are the flexors of the knee joint?

A

Hamstrings
Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus

49
Q

What are the extensors of the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

50
Q

What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A

Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris

51
Q

What are bursae?

A

Synovial fluid filled sacs between moving structures

52
Q

What are the four bursae in the knee?

A

Suprapatellar
Prepatellar
Infrapatellar
Semimembranosus

53
Q

What bursa communicates with the synovial cavity of the knee? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Suprapatellar

Abrasions/penetrating injuries superior to patella may result in suprapatellar bursitis which may allow bacteria to spread to the knee joint

54
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the bursa

55
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the bursa

E.g. housemaids knee

Year 3 Anatomy (12 decks)

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