Reproduction Flashcards
what is the male reproductive system
the penis
what is the penis’ function
to produce and deposit sperm
what are the 3 categories of the penis
- sperm production
- fluid production and delivery
- penis
what is the scrotum
a wrinkly sac made of skin that covers and protects the testes
what is the testis
a small ball inside the scrotum that produces sperm
what is the epididymis
a tube that stores sperm, it is right above the testes
what is the sperm duct or vas deferns
a tube that transports sperm into the seminal vesicle
what is the seminal vesicle
it adds a sugary fluid to the sperm to give it energy when it is swimming inside the female reproductive system
what is the prostate gland
a gland that produces and adds a thick fluid to the sperm and sugary fluid to produce semen. this thick fluid protects the sperm and is basic in ph levels to help sperm survive in a slightly acidic vagina.
what is the urethra
a muscular tube that passes through the prostate gland and delivers urine and semen from the body and penis
what is the penis
male reproductive system and delivers semen into the vagina.
what is sperm
the male sex cell or male gamete that holds half of the genetic information to form a zygote or future baby
what is semen
semen is the sperm, sugary fluid and thick protective fluid combined. It is basic ph level to help it survive inside the slightly acidic vagina
what is the penis made of
soft erectile tissue that fills with blood when a man is sexually aroused. this is controlled by hormones. this makes the penis rigid (erect), making it easier for the penis to enter the vagina
what does sperm look like
- has a head with a nucleus containing DNA
- has a cell membrane
3, has a tail to help it move
what is the bladder
a flexible bag for storing urine
what is the anus
opening which faeces leaves the body
what is the rectum
the elastic sac that stores solid body waste or feces before it is passed out the body by anus
what are hormones
chemical messages that travel through the blood
what are the male and female hormones
male: testosterone, made in testes
female: oestrogen and progesterone, produced in ovaries
what are 2 functions of female reproductive system
- to produce egg cells or ova
- nourish the foetus birth
what are 3 categories of female reproductive system
- egg production
- foetal development
- the vagina
what are the ovaries
they produce and store ova or eggs and make female sex hormones
what are the oviduct
they carry the ova or eggs to the uterus by moving it with cilia
what is the womb
a hollow, muscular organ which can stretch easily,It accommodates the growing foetus
what is the cervix
found at the base of the uterus. It is a ring of muscle that allows fluids to pass through and keeps the foetus in the uterus
what is an ovum
female sex cell or gamete. It is fertilised by ONE sperm. A female is born with all the eggs she will ever have in her life
- ovum = 1 egg
- ova = eggs
what is the vagina
where the penis enters during sexual intercourse. It is a muscular passageway. during birth, the baby leaves through the vagina. It has an acidic pH level to help kill bacteria and makes it inhospitable to incoming sperm.
what is the vulva
the external opening to the vagina
what is the urethra (women)
it is a muscular tube that is connected to the bladder and allows urine to pass out of the body. It is in front of the vagina
what is an ovum made of
mitochondria, cell membrane and nucleus
what is puberty
changes to the body of a child to become reproductively capable. it involved hormones that are controlled by the brain and pituitary gland
what causes puberty in boys
- Hormones travel to the testes in young teenage boys, which stimulate the testes to start producing sperm.
- The testes also produce, testosterone, which causes lots of changes to take place.
what are the changes in boys during puberty
- Growth of the testicles and penis
- Pubic hair develops
- Armpit hair, facial hair, and chest hair
- Voice deepens
what causes puberty in girls
- Hormones from the pituitary gland travel to the ovaries in young teenage girls, which stimulate an egg to ripen.
- The ovaries produce the hormone estrogen and progesterone that cause key changes
what are key changes in girls
- Growth of the breasts
- Growth of pubic and armpit hair
- Hips or pelvic girdles become wider
- Periods (menstruation) start
what is the menstrual cycle
it is a 28-day cycle regarding a monthly series of changes a women’s body goes through in preparation for pregnancy.
what is day 1 of the menstrual cycle
menstruation or a period where the blood lining of the uterus lining breaks down and passes blood and cells out of the vagina and cervix.
what happens after a period
the blood lining slowly grows and thickens for the rest of the cycle
what happens at day 14 of the menstrual cycle and what is it controlled by
ovulation occurs where one egg from the ovaries is released. controlled by hormones
if fertilisation happens what will occur in a female’s body
pregnancy and no period until after baby is born
if fertilization does not happen, what will happen to the menstrual cycle
the cycle keeps going until the female is pregnant.
when does the menstrual cycle stop
being ages 45 and 55. it is called a MENOPAUSE
how long does menstruation take
1-5 days. 7 days at most
what happens if the egg is not fertilised
it dies
when is a female most fertile
day 6-17
when is an egg more likely to release
day 12/13 to day 15/16
what are gametes
sex cells
what part of genetic material of a body cell does a gamete have
half of the total genetic material. 23 of 46 chromosomes
what do gametes do
they form together with the opposite gamete to make a full body cell
what is fertilisation
the process where 1 sperm and 1 ovum fuse together
where does fertilisation happen
the oviduct or fallopian tubes
what is a fertilised egg called
zygote
what is each ovary connected by to the uterus
oviduct or fallopian tubes
how does a ovum move through the oviduct to the uterus
oviduct is lined with cilia. they are tiny hairs on surface of cells that waft the egg along the inside of the oviduct towards uterus
how many eggs are released each month
1
what is implantation
when a embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus to develop further and grow
what does semen and sperm do when they are ejaculated in vagina
they swim towards the ovum in the oviduct
what do zygotes eventually develop into
zygote - embryo - foetus
how does pregnancy begin
the embryo implants itself into the uterus lining
what does the zygote do immediately after forming
starts to divide and reproduce into stem cells and form a ball of cells
stem cells = cells that have potential to become any type of cell
what is the placenta
a plate-like structure that provides O2 and nutrients to the foetus and remove the waste from the foetus’ bloodstream
what is the umbilical cord
a cord that joins the foetus to the placenta and carries the baby’s blood. It allows O2, nutrients, and waste to diffuse between the mothers blood in placenta and baby’s blood in umbilical chord
what happens between the umbilical chord and placenta
in the placenta, food and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood to the foetus’ blood in the umbilical chord and waste products diffuse the other way - baby blood in umbilical chord diffuse waste into placenta holding mother’s blood
what is amniotic fluid
the foetus is surrounded by a fluid-filled sac or amnion filled with Amniotic fluid. It protects the baby by cushioning them upon impact.
how many stages of birth are there
3
what is stage 1 of birth
During early labour
- cervix starts to dilate
- strong and regular contractions
- blood may be present
- early labour may last for a few hours or days
During active labour
- contractions become stronger and more painful
- may feel pressure in lower back
- cervix will dilate fully to 10cm
what is stage 2 in childbirth
stage 2 is child birth
1. can last 20 minutes or many hours
2. pressure on rectum from baby’s head moving will be present
3. baby’s head begins to show or crown
4. the baby is born and umbilical chord is cut
what is stage 3 of child birth
stage 3 is delivering the placenta
1. contractions start 5-10 minutes after birth
2. you may feel chills
3. it may take 5-30 minutes to deliver the placenta
what is pregnancy
the period of time in which a foetus develops insides a females womb or uterus
