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Science Yr9 and 10 > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cell Wall

A

The cell wall is only found in plants. Its outer layer is made of cellulose. The cell wall supports and helps maintain the cell’s shape. only in plant cell

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2
Q

what is the nucleus

A

The nucleus controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus holds the DNA and genetic information of the organism. The animal and plant cells have a nucleus

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell. The cell membrane allows material into and out of the cell. It has important chemicals for growth and chemical reactions. The cell’s wastes are transported out of the cell. both cells have cell membranes

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4
Q

what is the vacuole

A

Plants have a large central sap-filled vacuole. It stores things for the cell and helps maintain the shape of the cell. Animals’ cells have no vacuole or a small one.

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5
Q

what is the chloroplast

A

only found in plant cells. site of photosynthesis where plants use water and co2 and turn it into glucose and oxygen. it contains chlorophyll, a green pigment.

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6
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

it is found in both animal and plant cells. it is the site of cellular respiration. it turns glucose and oxygen into h20 and co2 and energy

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7
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

the cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid in the cell. It is found in both animal and plant cells. The organelles are contained within the cytoplasm. it is the site of chemical reactions

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8
Q

what is M in Mrs Gren

A

movement

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9
Q

what is R in Mrs Gren

A

respiration

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10
Q

what is S in Mrs. Gren

A

Sensitivity

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11
Q

what is G in Mrs. Gren

A

growth

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12
Q

what is R in Mrs. Gren

A

reproduction

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13
Q

what is E in Mrs. Gren

A

excretion

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14
Q

what is N in Mrs. Gren

A

nutrition

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15
Q

what is a micro-organism

A

very small living things that can only be seen with a microscope

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16
Q

what are the 3 micro-organisms

A

bacteria, fungi, virus

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17
Q

what are bacteria

A

they are single-celled organisms. They are alive. they divide by binary fission and they need to eat

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18
Q

what are the parts in a bacteria

A

cytoplasm, DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum,

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19
Q

what are flagellum

A

tail like extentions to help them move from place to place.

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20
Q

are fungi microscopic or macroscopic (no microscope needed to see)

A

both microscopic and macroscopic

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21
Q

fungi parts

A

cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria

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22
Q

what are fungi

A

they are organisms with cells similar to animal cell with a cell wall. They are micro-organisms that feed on organic matter

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23
Q

what are viruses

A

they are the smallest micro-organisms. they have no nucleus only 1 strand of DNA or RNA. They cannot live outside a host cell and cause disease in plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi

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24
Q

what is an organism

A

a living thing

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25
Q

virus parts

A

They have a protein shell that contains DNA. Some viruses have an outer layer similar to cell membranes called an envelope.

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26
Q

what are the parts of an animal cell

A

cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole

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27
Q

what are the parts of a plant cell

A

cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, cell wall

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28
Q

what are bacteria toxins

A

Some bacteria release chemicals (toxins) that are harmful to humans. These toxins harm or prevent our body cells from working properly. Our body responds to get rid of these harmful bacteria and their toxins. This causes diseases and symptoms.

29
Q

what conditions do bacteria like

A

FOOD
NEUTRAL pH
TEMPERATURE (37 oC)
TIME
OXYGEN
MOISTURE

30
Q

what do bacteria need to survive

A

NUTRITION
SENSITIVITY
RESPIRATION

31
Q

how can you avoid and reduce getting food poisoning

A

Wash your hands
Keep raw and cooked meats separate
Use different chopping boards
Keep fresh food chilled
Cook meat thoroughly
reheat and cook leftovers properly

32
Q

how do bacteria make you sick

A

They reproduce quickly and many of them give off chemicals called toxins which can damage tissue and make you sick

33
Q

what is a symptom

A

physical or mental condition from being unwell

34
Q

how do bacteria eat

A
  1. DNA is used to make proteins, and some of these proteins become enzymes
  2. Enzymes are released outside the bacterial cell to break down food particles
  3. When food particles are small enough, they can be sucked into the bacterial cell
  4. The nutrients gained are used for other life processes.
  5. Any waste products will be ejected outside the cell
35
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

they divide by binary fission. DNA is copied to double in length
The whole cell split in half, dividing the DNA equally between the two new cells. The offspring or daughter cells are identical clones to the mother cell

36
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics are chemicals that stop the growth of or kill bacteria. Commonly used by humans as medicine. They only work on bacteria. they are translated to “against living things”

37
Q

How do antibioitcs work

A

Antibiotics can work on bacteria in two ways
1. Kills them by breaking open their cell wall – everything inside the bacteria leaks outs
2. stops bacteria growth and ability to divide by preventing water from getting into the bacteria, interfering with DNA replication, bacteria metabolism or enzyme activity and protein production

38
Q

what antibiotics are used to kill

A

bactericidal antibiotics
cidal = to kill

39
Q

what antibiotics are used to stop and prevent growth and activity

A

bacteriostatic
static = to stop

40
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when you stop taking antibiotics early, bacteria will be immune to it and develop antibiotic resistance

41
Q

what do viruses all have

A

A core and a Capsid

42
Q

what is the core of a virus

A

The chromosome-like part that carries genetic information

43
Q

what is the capsid of a virus

A

The Protein coat: Protects genetic information and provides the shape

44
Q

what are the 3 virus shapes

A
  1. Round
  2. Rod-shaped
  3. Many sided or Icosahedral
45
Q

what are bacteriophages

A

bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

46
Q

what do bacteriophages have

A
  1. head - capsid and core with DNA
  2. tail - with fibres to attach to bacteria
47
Q

are viruses living

A

no, they cannot replicate by themselves and need a host cell to do so. they do not need nutrients to survive

48
Q

how do viruses replicate

A
  1. virus attaches to the cell wall
  2. virus injects DNA into the cell
  3. virus takes over the cell’s metabolism, causing the synthesis of new virus proteins and nucleic acids
  4. virus proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete virus particles
  5. virus enzyme breaks the
    cell wall, releasing
    new viruses that
    can attack other cells.
49
Q

how do viruses hurt us

A

they hurt us by attacking and killing out cells to make more copies of themselves. our body’s immune system and defenses try to kill the virus by causing symptoms like fevers. this makes us unwell but it is used to kill the virus

50
Q

what are our body’s defenses and functions

A
  1. skin - acts as a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens
  2. nose - hairs and mucus in the nose trap potentially pathogen-carrying particles
  3. trachea and bronchi - secretes mucus and have hair-like structures called cilia. Cillia push the mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed which is bad news for pathogens in mucus
  4. stomach - the stomach produces HCL. this acid kills most micro-organisms.
51
Q

how do white blood cells travel

A

they travel through blood and squeeze into your tissues hunting for microbes

52
Q

what is the immune system mainly made up of

A

white blood cells

53
Q

how does the body fight pathogens

A
  1. phagocytosis - phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them
  2. antitoxin production - antitoxins make toxins by bacteria harmless which reduces tissue damage, making you less sick
  3. antibody production - antibodies stick to antigens on a pathogen. antibodies tell phagocytes to engulf the pathogen and can also help kill the pathogen
54
Q

what are the 3 white blood cells and their functions

A
  1. lymphocytes - to produce antibodies
  2. phagocytes - to engulf pathogens
  3. memory lymphocytes - they produce antibodies and remember the antigens to a specific pathogen
55
Q

what are the three white blood cells and their functions

A
  1. lymphocytes - to produce antibodies
  2. phagocytes - to engulf pathogens
  3. memory lymphocytes - they produce antibodies and remember the antigens to a specific pathogen
56
Q

what are infectious diseases?

A

can be transmitted from person to person

57
Q

what are non-infectious diseases

A

can’t be transmitted from person to person

58
Q

how can diseases be transmitted

A
  1. by air - sneezing
  2. direct contact - holding hands
  3. mosquitos or insects - bites etc
  4. bodily fluids - saliva, blood
  5. food or water
  6. animals - bites
59
Q

what is an epidemic

A

infectious disease that had spread in an area or community

60
Q

what is a pandemic

A

an infectious disease that has spread around a country or many countries

61
Q

what is a vaccination

A

exposing a person to non-harmful parts of a pathogen to make their body kill it and build immunity

62
Q

what is immunity

A

is the ability of our body to recognize and get rid of foreign material. It does this by producing specific antibodies to a specific pathogen

63
Q

what are 2 types of immunity

A
  1. passive immunity - antibodies produced outside our body and given to us
  2. active/adaptive immunity - antibodies produced by our bodies
64
Q

how do we get immunity?

A

getting rid of pathogens and remembering the specific antibody to a specific pathogen

65
Q

is antibody production faster or slower than pathogen mutiplication

A

slower

66
Q

what are antibodies

A

Y-shaped proteins which bind to a specific pathogen’s antigen to help destroy the pathogen. they give us immunity to different pathogens.

67
Q

what are antigens

A

bits of protein on the outside of pathogens that immune system can recognize and allow antibodies to stick to it

68
Q

how do vaccines work

A

vaccines have non-lethal parts of a virus or pathogen that are injected into the body. This triggers an immune response and an antibody is created by the body to destroy it. This creates immunity.

69
Q

what are vaccines for

A

creating active/adaptive or passive immunity from a pathogen or disease

Science Yr9 and 10 (11 decks)

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