Microbes Flashcards
What is the Cell Wall
The cell wall is only found in plants. Its outer layer is made of cellulose. The cell wall supports and helps maintain the cell’s shape. only in plant cell
what is the nucleus
The nucleus controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus holds the DNA and genetic information of the organism. The animal and plant cells have a nucleus
What is the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell. The cell membrane allows material into and out of the cell. It has important chemicals for growth and chemical reactions. The cell’s wastes are transported out of the cell. both cells have cell membranes
what is the vacuole
Plants have a large central sap-filled vacuole. It stores things for the cell and helps maintain the shape of the cell. Animals’ cells have no vacuole or a small one.
what is the chloroplast
only found in plant cells. site of photosynthesis where plants use water and co2 and turn it into glucose and oxygen. it contains chlorophyll, a green pigment.
what is the mitochondria
it is found in both animal and plant cells. it is the site of cellular respiration. it turns glucose and oxygen into h20 and co2 and energy
what is the cytoplasm
the cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid in the cell. It is found in both animal and plant cells. The organelles are contained within the cytoplasm. it is the site of chemical reactions
what is M in Mrs Gren
movement
what is R in Mrs Gren
respiration
what is S in Mrs. Gren
Sensitivity
what is G in Mrs. Gren
growth
what is R in Mrs. Gren
reproduction
what is E in Mrs. Gren
excretion
what is N in Mrs. Gren
nutrition
what is a micro-organism
very small living things that can only be seen with a microscope
what are the 3 micro-organisms
bacteria, fungi, virus
what are bacteria
they are single-celled organisms. They are alive. they divide by binary fission and they need to eat
what are the parts in a bacteria
cytoplasm, DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum,
what are flagellum
tail like extentions to help them move from place to place.
are fungi microscopic or macroscopic (no microscope needed to see)
both microscopic and macroscopic
fungi parts
cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria
what are fungi
they are organisms with cells similar to animal cell with a cell wall. They are micro-organisms that feed on organic matter
what are viruses
they are the smallest micro-organisms. they have no nucleus only 1 strand of DNA or RNA. They cannot live outside a host cell and cause disease in plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi
what is an organism
a living thing
virus parts
They have a protein shell that contains DNA. Some viruses have an outer layer similar to cell membranes called an envelope.
what are the parts of an animal cell
cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole
what are the parts of a plant cell
cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, cell wall
what are bacteria toxins
Some bacteria release chemicals (toxins) that are harmful to humans. These toxins harm or prevent our body cells from working properly. Our body responds to get rid of these harmful bacteria and their toxins. This causes diseases and symptoms.
what conditions do bacteria like
FOOD
NEUTRAL pH
TEMPERATURE (37 oC)
TIME
OXYGEN
MOISTURE
what do bacteria need to survive
NUTRITION
SENSITIVITY
RESPIRATION
how can you avoid and reduce getting food poisoning
Wash your hands
Keep raw and cooked meats separate
Use different chopping boards
Keep fresh food chilled
Cook meat thoroughly
reheat and cook leftovers properly
how do bacteria make you sick
They reproduce quickly and many of them give off chemicals called toxins which can damage tissue and make you sick
what is a symptom
physical or mental condition from being unwell
how do bacteria eat
- DNA is used to make proteins, and some of these proteins become enzymes
- Enzymes are released outside the bacterial cell to break down food particles
- When food particles are small enough, they can be sucked into the bacterial cell
- The nutrients gained are used for other life processes.
- Any waste products will be ejected outside the cell
how do bacteria reproduce
they divide by binary fission. DNA is copied to double in length
The whole cell split in half, dividing the DNA equally between the two new cells. The offspring or daughter cells are identical clones to the mother cell
what are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are chemicals that stop the growth of or kill bacteria. Commonly used by humans as medicine. They only work on bacteria. they are translated to “against living things”
How do antibioitcs work
Antibiotics can work on bacteria in two ways
1. Kills them by breaking open their cell wall – everything inside the bacteria leaks outs
2. stops bacteria growth and ability to divide by preventing water from getting into the bacteria, interfering with DNA replication, bacteria metabolism or enzyme activity and protein production
what antibiotics are used to kill
bactericidal antibiotics
cidal = to kill
what antibiotics are used to stop and prevent growth and activity
bacteriostatic
static = to stop
what is antibiotic resistance
when you stop taking antibiotics early, bacteria will be immune to it and develop antibiotic resistance
what do viruses all have
A core and a Capsid
what is the core of a virus
The chromosome-like part that carries genetic information
what is the capsid of a virus
The Protein coat: Protects genetic information and provides the shape
what are the 3 virus shapes
- Round
- Rod-shaped
- Many sided or Icosahedral
what are bacteriophages
bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria
what do bacteriophages have
- head - capsid and core with DNA
- tail - with fibres to attach to bacteria
are viruses living
no, they cannot replicate by themselves and need a host cell to do so. they do not need nutrients to survive
how do viruses replicate
- virus attaches to the cell wall
- virus injects DNA into the cell
- virus takes over the cell’s metabolism, causing the synthesis of new virus proteins and nucleic acids
- virus proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete virus particles
- virus enzyme breaks the
cell wall, releasing
new viruses that
can attack other cells.
how do viruses hurt us
they hurt us by attacking and killing out cells to make more copies of themselves. our body’s immune system and defenses try to kill the virus by causing symptoms like fevers. this makes us unwell but it is used to kill the virus
what are our body’s defenses and functions
- skin - acts as a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens
- nose - hairs and mucus in the nose trap potentially pathogen-carrying particles
- trachea and bronchi - secretes mucus and have hair-like structures called cilia. Cillia push the mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed which is bad news for pathogens in mucus
- stomach - the stomach produces HCL. this acid kills most micro-organisms.
how do white blood cells travel
they travel through blood and squeeze into your tissues hunting for microbes
what is the immune system mainly made up of
white blood cells
how does the body fight pathogens
- phagocytosis - phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them
- antitoxin production - antitoxins make toxins by bacteria harmless which reduces tissue damage, making you less sick
- antibody production - antibodies stick to antigens on a pathogen. antibodies tell phagocytes to engulf the pathogen and can also help kill the pathogen
what are the 3 white blood cells and their functions
- lymphocytes - to produce antibodies
- phagocytes - to engulf pathogens
- memory lymphocytes - they produce antibodies and remember the antigens to a specific pathogen
what are the three white blood cells and their functions
- lymphocytes - to produce antibodies
- phagocytes - to engulf pathogens
- memory lymphocytes - they produce antibodies and remember the antigens to a specific pathogen
what are infectious diseases?
can be transmitted from person to person
what are non-infectious diseases
can’t be transmitted from person to person
how can diseases be transmitted
- by air - sneezing
- direct contact - holding hands
- mosquitos or insects - bites etc
- bodily fluids - saliva, blood
- food or water
- animals - bites
what is an epidemic
infectious disease that had spread in an area or community
what is a pandemic
an infectious disease that has spread around a country or many countries
what is a vaccination
exposing a person to non-harmful parts of a pathogen to make their body kill it and build immunity
what is immunity
is the ability of our body to recognize and get rid of foreign material. It does this by producing specific antibodies to a specific pathogen
what are 2 types of immunity
- passive immunity - antibodies produced outside our body and given to us
- active/adaptive immunity - antibodies produced by our bodies
how do we get immunity?
getting rid of pathogens and remembering the specific antibody to a specific pathogen
is antibody production faster or slower than pathogen mutiplication
slower
what are antibodies
Y-shaped proteins which bind to a specific pathogen’s antigen to help destroy the pathogen. they give us immunity to different pathogens.
what are antigens
bits of protein on the outside of pathogens that immune system can recognize and allow antibodies to stick to it
how do vaccines work
vaccines have non-lethal parts of a virus or pathogen that are injected into the body. This triggers an immune response and an antibody is created by the body to destroy it. This creates immunity.
what are vaccines for
creating active/adaptive or passive immunity from a pathogen or disease
