Reproduction

Question 1

define gelding

Answer 1

castrated male

Question 2

define filly

Answer 2

female less than 2 years old

Question 3

define colt

Answer 3

entire male less than 4 years old

Question 4

define dam

Answer 4

mother

Question 5

define sire

Answer 5

father

Question 6

describe horses breeding cycle

Answer 6

seasonally polyoestrous
natural season spring to autumn due to increasing day length
oestrus cycle lasts 21 days

Question 7

define mare

Answer 7

female adult

Question 8

why do mares have spring to autumn oestrus naturally?

Answer 8

mares and foals easiest maintained at grass
time for foal to grow before winter
11 month gestation roughly

Question 9

why are thoroughbred bred in early in the year?

Answer 9

want to race as old as possible in group so aim to birth as soon after january 1st by covering from valentines day

Question 10

how are thoroughbred mare cycles manipulated?

Answer 10

lights
drugs
induces ovulation

Question 11

define covering

Answer 11

mating

Question 12

what are pre-breeding check on horses?

Answer 12

general health
strangles
clinical exam
reproductive health
ultrasound ovaries for follicle development
reproductive diseases

Question 13

how are horses checked for reproductive diseases?

Answer 13

swab clitoral fossa and sinus, endometrium

submit for cytology and culture

Question 14

define teasing

Answer 14

male used to test if mare in season if she is receptive

Question 15

what horses are used as a teaser?

Answer 15

low value pony

stud stallion

Question 16

why are low value ponies usually used for teasing?

Answer 16

cheap

less consequence if injured during teasing

Question 17

define stallion

Answer 17

entire male adult

Question 18

list signs of oestrus in mares

Answer 18

lift tail
winking vulva
squirting urine
wide legged stance
acceptance of male

Question 19

how do stallions react to mares in oestrus?

Answer 19

phlemen posture
sniffing and nuzzling
biting hindlimbs and perineum
drop and erect penis
covering mare

Question 20

what are signs on ultrasound of best time to cover mares?

Answer 20

large follicle
uterine oedema
no free fluid in uterus

Question 21

how do you observe cervix and what is seen for mares in oesturs?

Answer 21

clean and use speculum to visualise

red, engorged and saggy

Question 22

how much thoroughbreds be covered to race?

Answer 22

natural

Question 23

what are the ways of natural covering in horses?

Answer 23

in hand with stallion walked from behind

unassisted in herd, free in field

Question 24

how are mares managed after being covered?

Answer 24

use teaser or ultrasound the following day
cover if still in oestrus
tease from day 18 and ultrasound at 12 days to see if pregnant

Question 25

what are ways to collect semen for AI?

Answer 25

collect from dummy, ovariectomised mare or artificial vagina

Question 26

how can stallions be encouraged to mate with dummy?

Answer 26

soak towel in urine from in season mare | stand mare in season near

Question 27

what type of semen can be given to mares?

Answer 27

fresh chilled frozen

Question 28

how is AI carried out?

Answer 28

give after induction of ovulation, based on scans visualise with speculum and place insemination catheter into uterus instil semen to uterine body monitor mare with ultrasound

Question 29

how is embryo transfer done in mares?

Answer 29

7-10 day blastocyst collected from donor and transferred to recipient

Question 30

what are disadvantages of embryo transfer in mares?

Answer 30

expensive need experience need to synchronise donor and recipient

Question 31

how is pregnancy in mares diagnosed?

Answer 31

``` ultrasound from 12 days failure to return to oestrus at day 21 eCG at 60 days oestrone sulfate at 120 days placental oestrogens in urine at 120 days ```

Question 32

what is conception rate for horses?

Answer 32

80%

Question 33

how do twins normally occur in horses?

Answer 33

non-synchronous ovulation

Question 34

why do twin foals usually not survive pregnancy?

Answer 34

aborted at 5-7 months when demand exceeds placental surface area capacity for providing foals one can survive and be born with mummified foal

Question 35

how are twin foals usually managed when detected?

Answer 35

before day 35 prostaglandin given to reduce to one foal | checked on ultrasound

Question 36

what is stage 1 foaling?

Answer 36

labour foal enters pelvic canal stimulating cervical and vulval dilation uterus contracts from tip to cervix

Question 37

what nursing care can be done for stage 1 foaling?

Answer 37

wash perineum | tail bandage

Question 38

describe what happens in stage 2 foaling?

Answer 38

``` allantois ruptures at cervical scar releasing fluids strong contractions from uterus voluntary abdominal contractions amnion visible with foal inside foal presents 2 toes and nose shoulders and body expelled hindlimbs retained in uterus so blood goes from placenta to foal umbilicus breaks when mare stands ```

Question 39

what is stage 3 foaling?

Answer 39

uterine contractions from tip to cervix to invert and expel placenta

Question 40

describe the equine placenta

Answer 40

epitheliochorial 6 layers non-deciduate so foetal and maternal layers separate diffuse so villi over whole placenta

Question 41

how can you check for full placental expulsion?

Answer 41

distended with fluid | no tears

Question 42

what are signs of dystocia in stage 2 foaling?

Answer 42

observed after rupturing of allantochorion no amnion or foal at vulva after 5 minutes no strong contractions within 10 minutes no progression of foal for 5 minutes

Question 43

how is dystocia in foaling treated?

Answer 43

``` assisted vaginal delivery vaginal delivery under GA C section embryotomy euthanasia ```

Question 44

how is controlled vaginal delivery carried out in horses?

Answer 44

while horse under GA being prepped for c section

Question 45

what is the prognosis for equine c section?

Answer 45

good when elective | if emergency depends on how long since starting stage 2 labour

Question 46

what are the expectations of foals once born?

Answer 46

stand in 1 hour suckle in 2 hours placenta passed by 3 hours

Question 47

what are the requirements for horses identification?

Answer 47

all born after 2005 need passport and microchip

Question 48

when are passports applied for in horses?

Answer 48

by december 31st for year born or when foal 6 months | whichever later

Question 49

what is included in horses passport?

Answer 49

``` owner details microchip ID certificate owner and vet signature vet stamp ```

Question 50

how are microchips placed in horses?

Answer 50

scan neck to check doesnt have one place in nuchal ligament scan to check in place