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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

define gelding

A

castrated male

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2
Q

define filly

A

female less than 2 years old

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3
Q

define colt

A

entire male less than 4 years old

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4
Q

define dam

A

mother

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5
Q

define sire

A

father

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6
Q

describe horses breeding cycle

A

seasonally polyoestrous
natural season spring to autumn due to increasing day length
oestrus cycle lasts 21 days

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7
Q

define mare

A

female adult

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8
Q

why do mares have spring to autumn oestrus naturally?

A

mares and foals easiest maintained at grass
time for foal to grow before winter
11 month gestation roughly

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9
Q

why are thoroughbred bred in early in the year?

A

want to race as old as possible in group so aim to birth as soon after january 1st by covering from valentines day

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10
Q

how are thoroughbred mare cycles manipulated?

A

lights
drugs
induces ovulation

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11
Q

define covering

A

mating

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12
Q

what are pre-breeding check on horses?

A 
general health
strangles
clinical exam
reproductive health
ultrasound ovaries for follicle development
reproductive diseases
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13
Q

how are horses checked for reproductive diseases?

A

swab clitoral fossa and sinus, endometrium

submit for cytology and culture

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14
Q

define teasing

A

male used to test if mare in season if she is receptive

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15
Q

what horses are used as a teaser?

A

low value pony

stud stallion

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16
Q

why are low value ponies usually used for teasing?

A

cheap

less consequence if injured during teasing

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17
Q

define stallion

A

entire male adult

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18
Q

list signs of oestrus in mares

A 
lift tail
winking vulva
squirting urine
wide legged stance
acceptance of male
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19
Q

how do stallions react to mares in oestrus?

A 
phlemen posture
sniffing and nuzzling
biting hindlimbs and perineum
drop and erect penis
covering mare
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20
Q

what are signs on ultrasound of best time to cover mares?

A

large follicle
uterine oedema
no free fluid in uterus

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21
Q

how do you observe cervix and what is seen for mares in oesturs?

A

clean and use speculum to visualise

red, engorged and saggy

22
Q

how much thoroughbreds be covered to race?

A

natural

23
Q

what are the ways of natural covering in horses?

A

in hand with stallion walked from behind

unassisted in herd, free in field

24
Q

how are mares managed after being covered?

A

use teaser or ultrasound the following day
cover if still in oestrus
tease from day 18 and ultrasound at 12 days to see if pregnant

25
Q

what are ways to collect semen for AI?

A

collect from dummy, ovariectomised mare or artificial vagina

26
Q

how can stallions be encouraged to mate with dummy?

A

soak towel in urine from in season mare

stand mare in season near

27
Q

what type of semen can be given to mares?

A

fresh
chilled
frozen

28
Q

how is AI carried out?

A

give after induction of ovulation, based on scans
visualise with speculum and place insemination catheter into uterus
instil semen to uterine body
monitor mare with ultrasound

29
Q

how is embryo transfer done in mares?

A

7-10 day blastocyst collected from donor and transferred to recipient

30
Q

what are disadvantages of embryo transfer in mares?

A

expensive
need experience
need to synchronise donor and recipient

31
Q

how is pregnancy in mares diagnosed?

A 
ultrasound from 12 days
failure to return to oestrus at day 21
eCG at 60 days
oestrone sulfate at 120 days
placental oestrogens in urine at 120 days
32
Q

what is conception rate for horses?

A

80%

33
Q

how do twins normally occur in horses?

A

non-synchronous ovulation

34
Q

why do twin foals usually not survive pregnancy?

A

aborted at 5-7 months when demand exceeds placental surface area capacity for providing foals
one can survive and be born with mummified foal

35
Q

how are twin foals usually managed when detected?

A

before day 35 prostaglandin given to reduce to one foal

checked on ultrasound

36
Q

what is stage 1 foaling?

A

labour
foal enters pelvic canal stimulating cervical and vulval dilation
uterus contracts from tip to cervix

37
Q

what nursing care can be done for stage 1 foaling?

A

wash perineum

tail bandage

38
Q

describe what happens in stage 2 foaling?

A 
allantois ruptures at cervical scar releasing fluids
strong contractions from uterus 
voluntary abdominal contractions
amnion visible with foal inside
foal presents 2 toes and nose
shoulders and body expelled
hindlimbs retained in uterus so blood goes from placenta to foal
umbilicus breaks when mare stands
39
Q

what is stage 3 foaling?

A

uterine contractions from tip to cervix to invert and expel placenta

40
Q

describe the equine placenta

A

epitheliochorial
6 layers
non-deciduate so foetal and maternal layers separate
diffuse so villi over whole placenta

41
Q

how can you check for full placental expulsion?

A

distended with fluid

no tears

42
Q

what are signs of dystocia in stage 2 foaling?

A

observed after rupturing of allantochorion
no amnion or foal at vulva after 5 minutes
no strong contractions within 10 minutes
no progression of foal for 5 minutes

43
Q

how is dystocia in foaling treated?

A 
assisted vaginal delivery
vaginal delivery under GA
C section
embryotomy 
euthanasia
44
Q

how is controlled vaginal delivery carried out in horses?

A

while horse under GA being prepped for c section

45
Q

what is the prognosis for equine c section?

A

good when elective

if emergency depends on how long since starting stage 2 labour

46
Q

what are the expectations of foals once born?

A

stand in 1 hour
suckle in 2 hours
placenta passed by 3 hours

47
Q

what are the requirements for horses identification?

A

all born after 2005 need passport and microchip

48
Q

when are passports applied for in horses?

A

by december 31st for year born or when foal 6 months

whichever later

49
Q

what is included in horses passport?

A 
owner details
microchip
ID certificate
owner and vet signature
vet stamp
50
Q

how are microchips placed in horses?

A

scan neck to check doesnt have one
place in nuchal ligament
scan to check in place

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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