Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Nursing May Exam > Foals > Flashcards

Foals Flashcards

1
Q

what is advised regarding equipment for foal nursing?

A

prepared as usually come in emergency
most foals born in one period so restock in time for foaling
have all staff familiarised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is assessed in clinical exam for foals?

A 
every 4-6 hours minimum
thoracic auscultations
HR
RR
MM
palpation 
temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is normal foal temperature?

A

37.5-39 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are recumbent foals nursed?

A 
sternal recumbency to prevent perfusion compromise
intranasal oxygen
mechanical ventilation if needed
keep clean and warm
recumbency care
IV catheter care
pressor support
urinary catheter care
monitor hydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are foals IV catheters cares for?

A

sterile placement
wrapped
check for thrombophlebitis
separate port for nutrition and meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are pressors used for in foals?

A

doputamine infusion to increase BP as otherwise can cause organ failure and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are reasons for urinary catheter care in foals?

A

monitor for cystitis
monitor UOP and hydration
renal failure or bladder rupture if not placed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is normal USG in foals?

A

1.010

rapidly dehydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is nutrition managed in sick foals?

A

feeding from mare is best
milk mare regularly checking for mastitis
feed from bowl, bottle risks aspiration pneumonia
indwelling NG tube if wont feed
IV feed if no suck reflex of 5% glucose in isotonic fluid then PPN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much food should full term sick foals be fed?

A

5-10% BW per day over small hourly feeds

increase to 20-25% BW in 2 hourly feeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are tests to monitor sick foals?

A 
PVC
TP
glucose
white cells
creatinine
blood gases
electrolytes
lactate
USG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are features of foaling box?

A 
5x5m
good ventilation
disinfected
warm
sheltered
bedding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do you prepare mare antibodies before foaling?

A

vaccinate for influenza, EHV, rotavirus, tetanus

last tetanus 6 weeks before foaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what benefit do mare antibodies have on foals?

A

protect for 6 weeks after birth after drinking colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can colostrum be provided to foals if cant drink mares?

A

from another mare

hyperimmune plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are signs of foaling?

A

when previously foaled
wax on udders
milk electrolyte changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

state average gestation length of mares

A

320-360 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens in stage 1 foaling?

A

foal moves into canal

mare becomes restless, sweaty, colic signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is stage 2 foaling?

A

birth

lasts less than 30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in stage 3 foaling?

A

placenta expelled in 1-2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the risk of retained placenta in mares?

A

death

infection laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are horses managed when havent expelled placenta in 2 hours?

A

walk and oxytocin at 3 hours

aggressive treatment of oxytocin, lavage, walking, antibiotics, antiendotoxins at 6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the impact of dystocia in horses?

A

death
hypoxia
broken ribs
injured mare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is dystocia managed in horses?

A

ETT if possible for foal oxygenation
epidural and manual manipulation
C section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is done before attempting to resuscitate horses?
physical exam as some serious problems mean no attempt made
26
what is significant about neonatal arrest?
respiratory nearly always before cardiac arrest | always need to provide ventilation
27
what can cause pulmonary arrest in foals?
``` premature placental separation twisting of umbilical cord dystocia airway obstruction of foetal membranes failure to breathe on birth lung disease sepsis hypovolaemia metabolic acidosis hyperkalaemia hypoglycaemia hypothermia ```
28
what is prognosis of neonatal foals in arrest?
good if start resuscitation before non-perfusing rhythm develops low if wait until asystole
29
when do you provide resus to foals?
HR or RR undetectable limp muscle tone unresponsive to nasal mucosal stimulation
30
when do you provide intranasal oxygen to foals?
HR less than 60 irregular HR slow or irregular RR grimace on nasal mucosal stimualation
31
how are foals provided ventilation in resus?
clear airway place NT or ET tube ventilate 10brpm with ambu bag or mouth
32
how are NT tubes placed in foals?
extend head pass ventral and medial maximum 2 attempts to place
33
how are ET tubes place in foals?
pull tongue forwards and lateral advance over midline of tongue twist at larynx check position, cuff and inflate cuff
34
how can you ventilate foals if cant secure NT or ET tube?
mask | mouth to nose
35
when is CPR given to foals?
absent heart beat | less than 40bpm
36
what are considerations before giving CPR to foals?
rib fractures may make CPR fatal but may not have choice | ideally place fractures down
37
how are compressions performed on foals?
knees parallel to spine compress caudal to triceps at highest point of thorax 100-120bpm
38
how are bradycardic foals manages?
epinephrine IV every 3 minutes until over 60bpm
39
how do you manage foals after resus?
keep warm IVFT to manage dehydration manage hypoglycaemia correct acidaemia
40
how does failure of passive transfer/FPT happen?
gut open for 24 hours to allow antibodies in | bacteria also goes in so if dont get antibodies at huge sepsis risk
41
what are the types of FPT?
partial- 400-800mg/dl | total- less than 400mg/dl
42
what are normal antibody levels in horses from colostrum?
over 800mg/dl
43
how are foals monitored for FPT?
test all foals 12-24 hours | blood test and ELISA
44
how is FPT treated?
hyperimmune plasma transfusion
45
what are considerations when using hyperimmune plasma in foals?
defrost slowly so antibodies not denatured blood giving set used start slow and monitor for reaction retest antibodies after each bag
46
what is the significance of sepsis in foals?
most common cause of hospitalisation and death
47
list signs of sepsis in foals
``` pyrexia depression recumbency joint effusion and lameness non-responsive ```
48
what causes sepsis in foals?
born septic FPT infected joints and umbilicus
49
what parameters can be looked at to diagnose sepsis in foals?
``` blood culture white cell count SNAP test creatinine USG glucose lactate ```
50
how is sepsis in foals treated?
broad spectrum antibiotics plasma joint lavage or remove umbilicus if thats the cause intensive care nursing
51
how are seizures in foals treated?
correct primary cause maintain airway oxygen diazepam or midazolam anticonvulsants
52
what are causes of dummy foal?
hypoxia in utero or birth | brain or organ damage
53
what are other names for dummy foal?
hypoxic ischemia encephalopathy perinatal asphyxia syndrome
54
what are signs of dummy foal?
``` slow swallow not sucking not following mare ataxia seizure apnoea ```
55
how is dummy foal treated?
nursing IVFT for cerebral perfusion correct metabolic imbalance PPN
56
define premature foal
less than 320 days | unlikely to survive if less than 280 days
57
define dysmature foal
look premature but normal gestation
58
define postmature foal
long gestation, normal sized but emaciated
59
describe the appearance of premature or dysmature foals
``` small silky short hair floppy ears domed head weak abnormal RR immature GI, respiratory and MSK system ```
60
what is prognosis for premature foals?
fair but need ICU
61
what are the types of flexure deformity in foals?
laxity contracture affects flexor tendons and ligaments
62
what causes flexure laxity in foals?
pre, dys or post maturity | bandage or splint complications
63
how is flexure laxity usually treated in foals?
usually resolve after few days box rest with limited bedding firm ground walks 3x daily bandage to protect heels
64
what is prognosis for flexure contracture in foals?
depends on severity and number of limbs affected | usually good
65
how is flexure contracture in foals treated?
``` physio hard ground walks oxytetracycline for 3 days toe extensions splints ```
66
what joints are affected in angular limb deformity in foals?
fetlock carpus tarsus
67
how is angular limb deformity treated in foals?
rest farriery surgery before growth plates close
68
list signs of meconium retention in foals
colic restlessness FPT
69
how is meconium retention in foals treated?
soapy or phosphate enema acetylcysteine retention enema buscopan surgery
70
how is diarrhoea treated in foals?
correct dehydration, electrolytes, acid bas balance | correct underling infection or cause
71
how are gastric ulcers in foals treated?
sucralfate to encourage blood supply to stomach wall | prophylactically to all in hospital
72
what are signs of infected umbilicus in foals?
swelling | pus
73
how is infected umbilicus diagnosed in foals?
ultrasound | culture
74
how is infected umbilicus in foals prevented and treated?
dip in chlorhex for first 2 days antibiotics surgery
75
what is presentation of foals with ruptured bladder?
2-3 days old colic distended abdomen
76
how is ruptured bladder in foals diagnosed?
ultrasound peritoneal sample high K bradycardia
77
how is ruptured foal in bladder treated?
drain abdomen | surgery
78
what causes neonatal isoerthrolysis in foals?
foal erythrocyte antigen not recognised by mare | antibodies in colostrum attach foal RBCs
79
list signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals
anaemia icterus weakness
80
how is neonatal isoerythrolysis treated in foals?
with draw colostrum stop future foals drinking from mare blood transfusion at PCV less than 12%
81
what are risks of pneumonia in foals?
FPT | aspiration if bottle fed
82
list signs of pneumonia in foals
increased RR and effort pyrexia death
83
how is pneumonia in foals diagnosed?
radiography | transtracheal wash
84
how are foals with pneumonia treated?
antibiotics oxygen sternal posture
85
what are clinical signs of rhodococcus equi in foals?
usually after 6 weeks pneumonia septic or immune mediated joint effusion diarrhoea
86
how do foals get rhondococcus equi?
suspect infected at birth environment contact with infected foals dams faeces
87
how is rhondococcus equi in foals diagnosed?
``` thoracic radiograph for abscesses tracheal wash cytology, culture, sensitivity joint fluid sample high WBC high fibrinogen ```
88
how is rhondococcus equi treated in foals?
clarithromycin rifampicin treated until radiographs and blood normal, usually 6 weeks joint lavage
89
how can rhondococcus equi be prevented in foals?
environmental management rhondococcus hyperimmune plasma no antibiotics at birth

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions