Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Nursing May Exam > Foals > Flashcards

Foals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Pharmacology flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Adult Health flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

what is advised regarding equipment for foal nursing?

A

prepared as usually come in emergency
most foals born in one period so restock in time for foaling
have all staff familiarised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is assessed in clinical exam for foals?

A 
every 4-6 hours minimum
thoracic auscultations
HR
RR
MM
palpation 
temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is normal foal temperature?

A

37.5-39 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are recumbent foals nursed?

A 
sternal recumbency to prevent perfusion compromise
intranasal oxygen
mechanical ventilation if needed
keep clean and warm
recumbency care
IV catheter care
pressor support
urinary catheter care
monitor hydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are foals IV catheters cares for?

A

sterile placement
wrapped
check for thrombophlebitis
separate port for nutrition and meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are pressors used for in foals?

A

doputamine infusion to increase BP as otherwise can cause organ failure and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are reasons for urinary catheter care in foals?

A

monitor for cystitis
monitor UOP and hydration
renal failure or bladder rupture if not placed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is normal USG in foals?

A

1.010

rapidly dehydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is nutrition managed in sick foals?

A

feeding from mare is best
milk mare regularly checking for mastitis
feed from bowl, bottle risks aspiration pneumonia
indwelling NG tube if wont feed
IV feed if no suck reflex of 5% glucose in isotonic fluid then PPN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how much food should full term sick foals be fed?

A

5-10% BW per day over small hourly feeds

increase to 20-25% BW in 2 hourly feeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are tests to monitor sick foals?

A 
PVC
TP
glucose
white cells
creatinine
blood gases
electrolytes
lactate
USG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are features of foaling box?

A 
5x5m
good ventilation
disinfected
warm
sheltered
bedding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do you prepare mare antibodies before foaling?

A

vaccinate for influenza, EHV, rotavirus, tetanus

last tetanus 6 weeks before foaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what benefit do mare antibodies have on foals?

A

protect for 6 weeks after birth after drinking colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can colostrum be provided to foals if cant drink mares?

A

from another mare

hyperimmune plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are signs of foaling?

A

when previously foaled
wax on udders
milk electrolyte changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

state average gestation length of mares

A

320-360 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens in stage 1 foaling?

A

foal moves into canal

mare becomes restless, sweaty, colic signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is stage 2 foaling?

A

birth

lasts less than 30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in stage 3 foaling?

A

placenta expelled in 1-2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the risk of retained placenta in mares?

A

death

infection laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are horses managed when havent expelled placenta in 2 hours?

A

walk and oxytocin at 3 hours

aggressive treatment of oxytocin, lavage, walking, antibiotics, antiendotoxins at 6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the impact of dystocia in horses?

A

death
hypoxia
broken ribs
injured mare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is dystocia managed in horses?

A

ETT if possible for foal oxygenation
epidural and manual manipulation
C section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is done before attempting to resuscitate horses?

A

physical exam as some serious problems mean no attempt made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is significant about neonatal arrest?

A

respiratory nearly always before cardiac arrest

always need to provide ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what can cause pulmonary arrest in foals?

A 
premature placental separation
twisting of umbilical cord
dystocia
airway obstruction of foetal membranes
failure to breathe on birth
lung disease
sepsis
hypovolaemia
metabolic acidosis
hyperkalaemia
hypoglycaemia
hypothermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is prognosis of neonatal foals in arrest?

A

good if start resuscitation before non-perfusing rhythm develops
low if wait until asystole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when do you provide resus to foals?

A

HR or RR undetectable
limp muscle tone
unresponsive to nasal mucosal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when do you provide intranasal oxygen to foals?

A

HR less than 60
irregular HR
slow or irregular RR
grimace on nasal mucosal stimualation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how are foals provided ventilation in resus?

A

clear airway
place NT or ET tube
ventilate 10brpm with ambu bag or mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how are NT tubes placed in foals?

A

extend head
pass ventral and medial
maximum 2 attempts to place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how are ET tubes place in foals?

A

pull tongue forwards and lateral
advance over midline of tongue
twist at larynx
check position, cuff and inflate cuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how can you ventilate foals if cant secure NT or ET tube?

A

mask

mouth to nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when is CPR given to foals?

A

absent heart beat

less than 40bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are considerations before giving CPR to foals?

A

rib fractures may make CPR fatal but may not have choice

ideally place fractures down

37
Q

how are compressions performed on foals?

A

knees parallel to spine
compress caudal to triceps at highest point of thorax
100-120bpm

38
Q

how are bradycardic foals manages?

A

epinephrine IV every 3 minutes until over 60bpm

39
Q

how do you manage foals after resus?

A

keep warm
IVFT to manage dehydration
manage hypoglycaemia
correct acidaemia

40
Q

how does failure of passive transfer/FPT happen?

A

gut open for 24 hours to allow antibodies in

bacteria also goes in so if dont get antibodies at huge sepsis risk

41
Q

what are the types of FPT?

A

partial- 400-800mg/dl

total- less than 400mg/dl

42
Q

what are normal antibody levels in horses from colostrum?

A

over 800mg/dl

43
Q

how are foals monitored for FPT?

A

test all foals 12-24 hours

blood test and ELISA

44
Q

how is FPT treated?

A

hyperimmune plasma transfusion

45
Q

what are considerations when using hyperimmune plasma in foals?

A

defrost slowly so antibodies not denatured
blood giving set used
start slow and monitor for reaction
retest antibodies after each bag

46
Q

what is the significance of sepsis in foals?

A

most common cause of hospitalisation and death

47
Q

list signs of sepsis in foals

A 
pyrexia
depression 
recumbency
joint effusion and lameness
non-responsive
48
Q

what causes sepsis in foals?

A

born septic
FPT
infected joints and umbilicus

49
Q

what parameters can be looked at to diagnose sepsis in foals?

A 
blood culture
white cell count
SNAP test
creatinine
USG
glucose
lactate
50
Q

how is sepsis in foals treated?

A

broad spectrum antibiotics
plasma
joint lavage or remove umbilicus if thats the cause
intensive care nursing

51
Q

how are seizures in foals treated?

A

correct primary cause
maintain airway
oxygen
diazepam or midazolam anticonvulsants

52
Q

what are causes of dummy foal?

A

hypoxia in utero or birth

brain or organ damage

53
Q

what are other names for dummy foal?

A

hypoxic ischemia
encephalopathy
perinatal asphyxia syndrome

54
Q

what are signs of dummy foal?

A 
slow swallow
not sucking
not following mare
ataxia
seizure
apnoea
55
Q

how is dummy foal treated?

A

nursing
IVFT for cerebral perfusion
correct metabolic imbalance
PPN

56
Q

define premature foal

A

less than 320 days

unlikely to survive if less than 280 days

57
Q

define dysmature foal

A

look premature but normal gestation

58
Q

define postmature foal

A

long gestation, normal sized but emaciated

59
Q

describe the appearance of premature or dysmature foals

A 
small
silky short hair
floppy ears
domed head
weak
abnormal RR
immature GI, respiratory and MSK system
60
Q

what is prognosis for premature foals?

A

fair but need ICU

61
Q

what are the types of flexure deformity in foals?

A

laxity
contracture
affects flexor tendons and ligaments

62
Q

what causes flexure laxity in foals?

A

pre, dys or post maturity

bandage or splint complications

63
Q

how is flexure laxity usually treated in foals?

A

usually resolve after few days
box rest with limited bedding
firm ground walks 3x daily
bandage to protect heels

64
Q

what is prognosis for flexure contracture in foals?

A

depends on severity and number of limbs affected

usually good

65
Q

how is flexure contracture in foals treated?

A 
physio
hard ground walks
oxytetracycline for 3 days
toe extensions
splints
66
Q

what joints are affected in angular limb deformity in foals?

A

fetlock
carpus
tarsus

67
Q

how is angular limb deformity treated in foals?

A

rest
farriery
surgery before growth plates close

68
Q

list signs of meconium retention in foals

A

colic
restlessness
FPT

69
Q

how is meconium retention in foals treated?

A

soapy or phosphate enema
acetylcysteine retention enema
buscopan
surgery

70
Q

how is diarrhoea treated in foals?

A

correct dehydration, electrolytes, acid bas balance

correct underling infection or cause

71
Q

how are gastric ulcers in foals treated?

A

sucralfate to encourage blood supply to stomach wall

prophylactically to all in hospital

72
Q

what are signs of infected umbilicus in foals?

A

swelling

pus

73
Q

how is infected umbilicus diagnosed in foals?

A

ultrasound

culture

74
Q

how is infected umbilicus in foals prevented and treated?

A

dip in chlorhex for first 2 days
antibiotics
surgery

75
Q

what is presentation of foals with ruptured bladder?

A

2-3 days old
colic
distended abdomen

76
Q

how is ruptured bladder in foals diagnosed?

A

ultrasound
peritoneal sample
high K
bradycardia

77
Q

how is ruptured foal in bladder treated?

A

drain abdomen

surgery

78
Q

what causes neonatal isoerthrolysis in foals?

A

foal erythrocyte antigen not recognised by mare

antibodies in colostrum attach foal RBCs

79
Q

list signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals

A

anaemia
icterus
weakness

80
Q

how is neonatal isoerythrolysis treated in foals?

A

with draw colostrum
stop future foals drinking from mare
blood transfusion at PCV less than 12%

81
Q

what are risks of pneumonia in foals?

A

FPT

aspiration if bottle fed

82
Q

list signs of pneumonia in foals

A

increased RR and effort
pyrexia
death

83
Q

how is pneumonia in foals diagnosed?

A

radiography

transtracheal wash

84
Q

how are foals with pneumonia treated?

A

antibiotics
oxygen
sternal posture

85
Q

what are clinical signs of rhodococcus equi in foals?

A

usually after 6 weeks
pneumonia
septic or immune mediated joint effusion
diarrhoea

86
Q

how do foals get rhondococcus equi?

A

suspect infected at birth
environment
contact with infected foals
dams faeces

87
Q

how is rhondococcus equi in foals diagnosed?

A 
thoracic radiograph for abscesses
tracheal wash cytology, culture, sensitivity
joint fluid sample
high WBC
high fibrinogen
88
Q

how is rhondococcus equi treated in foals?

A

clarithromycin
rifampicin
treated until radiographs and blood normal, usually 6 weeks
joint lavage

89
Q

how can rhondococcus equi be prevented in foals?

A

environmental management
rhondococcus hyperimmune plasma
no antibiotics at birth

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions