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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Equine nursing > Flashcards

Equine nursing Flashcards

1
Q

how do happy and relaxed horses look?

A 
stood square
resting hindlimb
head up
pricked ears
relaxed lips
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2
Q

what are signs of nervous horse?

A

tight face lines
tense neck
leaning back

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3
Q

what are signs of angry horse?

A

flared nostrils
ears back
bite or kick if not left alone

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4
Q

how is demeanour in horses assessed?

A

compared to others and normal self
bright or quiet
alert or subdued or dull
responsive or unresponsive or hyperaesthetic

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5
Q

what are signs of healthy horse?

A 
bright
alert
responsive
interest in environment
normal behaviour
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6
Q

what is normal defecation for horses?

A

4-13 piles a day
individual nuggets that can have moisture squeezed out
normal colour
no parasites

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7
Q

describe normal urination for horses

A

several times daily

hindlimbs wide and caudal

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8
Q

how much do normal horses drink?

A

50ml/kg/day

more with dry food

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9
Q

what is the normal amount of food horses should eat daily?

A

1.5-2.5% BW in dry matter

18 hours grazing

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10
Q

state normal horse RR

A

12-20 brpm

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11
Q

what should be observed in clinical exam of respiration of horses?

A

RR and effort
shouldnt see nasal flare, abdominal effort, coughing or heave line
moist nares

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12
Q

state normal HR in horses

A

30-40bpm

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13
Q

where are pulse rates taken in horses?

A

transverse facial artery- line between caudal end of facial crest and mandibular condyle
facial artery- ventral border of mandible
digital artery- medial and lateral aspects of fetlock

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14
Q

where do you do cardiac auscultation on horses?

A

left lateral thorax under point of elbow at 6th intercostal space

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15
Q

what are normal MM colours in horses?

A

oral- pink
nasal- red
vulva- yellow

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16
Q

describe normal lymph nodes in horses

A

symmetrical

no reaction when palpated

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17
Q

what are signs of abnormal lymph nodes in horses?

A

enlarged
asymmetric
painful

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18
Q

where can horses lymph nodes be found?

A

either side of ventral mandible between where facial arteries cross under jaw

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19
Q

how do you auscultate lungs in horses?

A

divide into 9 fields

cranial edge from shoulder to elbows, dorsal at tuber coxae, caudal at 16th rib

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20
Q

where can you auscultate the trachea in horses?

A

ventral neck at thoracic inlet
mid neck
larynx

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21
Q

what sounds can you expect to hear in normal horse abdomen?

A

gut sounds in all quadrants

caecal emptying in right dorsal quadrant

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22
Q

where do you measure temperature in horses?

A

rectal

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23
Q

state normal horse temperature

A

37.3-38.2

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24
Q

what are signs of pain in horses?

A

pain face
horse grimace scale
changed body language and behaviour

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25
state signs of colic in horses
``` rolling looking at flanks grinding teeth recumbency pawing anorexia reduced faecal output ```
26
what are signs of equine respiratory disease?
``` exercise intolerance extended head and neck increased abdominal effort heave line coughing nasal discharge epistaxis ```
27
list signs of liver disease in horses
``` dull or hyperaesthetic inappetant weight loss jaundice head pressing compulsive circling light sensitivity diarrhoea ```
28
what are signs of dental disease in horses?
dropping food weight loss slow eating halitosis
29
list signs of lameness in horses
``` recumbency resting limb abnormal movement poor performance inappetence sweating ```
30
what are routine core equine vaccines?
influenza | tetanus
31
what vaccines are also given to horses in stud?
herpes rotavirus equine viral arteritis equine infectious anaemia
32
when are vaccines given for equine influenza?
day 0 3 weeks-3 months 5-7 months 6 monthly if competing otherwise yearly
33
what is equine influenza?
highly contagious viral infection causing respiratory disease
34
what are signs of equine influenza?
pyrexia nasal discharge coughing
35
when are tetanus vaccines given to horses?
2 doses 4-6 weeks apart 1 year 3 yearly
36
how is tetanus spread?
non contagious | enters wounds and absorbed into circulation
37
what is the signs of tetanus?
``` spastic paralysis muscular contraction extended head neck and tail wide eyes and nostril death ```
38
how often should horses have routine dental exams?
6-12 months
39
how are worms managed in horses?
poo pick paddocks rotate pastures test all horses with FWEC 3 times between march and september test for tapeworm with ELISA at least yearly worm according to individual egg count
40
list general grooming requirements for horses
``` remove dried mud body brush all over pick feet daily face sponge for eyes and muzzle if riding clean where tack touches at least ```
41
what is the benefit of shoeing horses?
protection from excess wear support heal give traction
42
how often are horses shoed?
4-8 weeks
43
how can flies around horses be managed?
repellent sprays rugs face mask fly fringe
44
why are horses stabled?
protect from elements, others, theft, straying keep clean and dry control diet manage exercise
45
describe loosebox stables
all access directly to outside rows or yards individual stables may share airspaces
46
describe barns stables
access within building large area for horse to move freely need good ventilation
47
describe american barn stables
individual spaces in large barn wide central passage shared air space or overhead storage
48
what are stalls?
holding areas in riding schools | rows of horses ties up with barriers between
49
state minimum stable size for large horses
12x14ft
50
state minimum stable size for horses and mules
12x12ft
51
state minimum stable size for large ponies and large donkeys
10x12ft
52
state minimum stable size for ponies and donkeys
10x10ft
53
state minimum stable size for foaling box
14x14ft
54
where should stable blocks be located?
``` not upwind of dust sources not under trees as can block drains south facing for sun and warmth shelter from wind no steep slopes near ```
55
what are ideal features of stable doors?
wide and high to reduce trauma risk- 1.2x2.4m sliding if space limited half hinged for ventilation and confinement safety catches and kick bolts
56
how can you ensure good drainage in stables?
slightly sloped floor drainage grooves keep drains clear
57
where should feeders be placed?
haynets- air outflow | feeders- on floor for drainage and to leave dust at floor when chewing
58
what is the benefit of natural and artificial lighting in stables?
natural- UV kills MOs | artificial- use at night, manipulate oestrus
59
how is ventilation achieved in stables?
air inlets and outlets
60
what horses is hypothermia only really seen in?
neonates geriatric sick malnourished
61
why are most horses not susceptible to hypothermia?
well fed- most heat from LI fermentation rugged movement
62
what is the purpose of horses bedding?
insulation comfort absorbance
63
list types of horses bedding
``` straw shavings wood pellets paper hemp rubber mats ```
64
what are pollutants that can be in stables?
dust | ammonia
65
what it the issue with dust in stables and how can it be reduced?
irritant or allergen | good quality bedding, soaking forage, mucking out when stable empty
66
what is the cause and issue of ammonia in stables and how is it reduced?
bacterial breakdown of excretions local irritant absorbent bedding and increased frequency of mucking out
67
describe the process of mucking out stables
``` daily full clean remove all faeces and wet bedding move all bedding to clean area sweep and allow floor to dry replace bedding and add fresh bedding to banks as needed ```
68
why should you let floor dry before replacing bedding in stables?
reduce mould and ammonia
69
how are deep litter bedding in stables typically mucked out and what is the negatives?
remove droppings daily and add new bedding on top | ammonia builds up, hooves on damp bedding can cause thrush
70
how can respiratory system be helped by arrangement in stable?
``` feed from floor hang hay in air outlet good bedding and mucking out good ventilation turn out as much as possible ```
71
how should horses feeding be managed in stables?
``` always provide freshwater forage is most of diet fed little and often keep routine same and avoid sudden change supplement with concentrates ```
72
list examples of horses daily exercise
ridden lunged horse walker turned out
73
describe hospital stable conditions
deep beds or rubber mats depending on condition daily muck out and 2x daily skip out complete disinfect between patients muck heap away from stables
74
how should isolation stables be managed in hospitals?
``` distant down wind of others separate equipment and food PPE dirty bedding is clinical waste complete disinfect and test between patients ```
75
how are horses fed in hospital?
starve 2 hours pre op wet meals post op cross tie head high and give meals from floor for drainage and ventilation account for increased energy demand from healing
76
list some equine urinary tract disorders
``` PUPD pigmenturia renal disease neoplasia urolithiasis UTI ```
77
how are equine urinary tract disorders diagnosed?
history water intake over last 24 hours abnormal urination other issues
78
how is a clinical exam for equine urinary disorders done?
standard exam | rectal to feel bladder and left kidneys caudal pole
79
if urinary obstruction is suspected what should be done in horses?
place urinary catheter
80
what can blood tests show when investigating urinary disease in horses?
leucocytosis from inflammation or infection anaemia azotaemia
81
how are urine samples normally collected from horses?
midstream | catheter
82
what urine tests are done on horses?
USG biochemistry sediment analysis
83
how are urinary ultrasounds done on horses and what can they show?
transrectal or transabdominal | uroliths in kidneys and bladder, kidney structure
84
what is cystoscopy used for in horses?
examine urethra, bladder, ureters
85
describe the water deprivation test in horses
weigh horse check urea, creatinine and USG remove water and regularly measure parameters
86
when is water deprivation test done in horses?
PUPD
87
when do you stop the water deprivation test in horses?
``` reach 24 hours USG above 1.020 azotaemia signs of dehydration loss of 5% BW ```
88
what can be causes of pigmenturia in horses?
myoglobin from myopathy haemoglobin from haemolysis haematuria from UT bleeding
89
what are causes of PUPD in horses?
renal failure PPID diabetes
90
what are clinical signs of acute renal failure in horses?
lethargy inappetence signs of primary issue dehydration
91
how is acute renal failure in horses diagnosed?
oliguria azotaemia USG casts in urine
92
how is acute renal failure in horses treated?
reverse underlying cause IVFT correct electrolytes dopamine to improve renal blood flow
93
what are nursing considerations for horses with acute renal failure?
IVFT monitor urine output check for signs of laminitis encourage eating and grazing
94
what is the prognosis for horses with acute renal failure?
can live long but often polyuric and need constant water
95
what affects prognosis of horses with acute renal failure?
underlying cause duration response to treatment complications
96
what are causes of chronic renal failure in horses?
immune mediated, ischemic, toxic or infectious glomerulonephritis
97
what are clinical signs of chronic renal disease in horses?
``` lethargy anorexia weight loss PUPD dental tartar azotaemia unconcentrated urine ```
98
what is the prognosis for equine chronic renal disease?
poor
99
list nursing considerations for equine chronic renal disease
IVFT provide water encourage eating reduce protein in diet
100
what are signs of UTI in horses?
dysuria
101
how are UTIs diagnosed in horses?
urine sample bacteriology find underlying cause
102
where is neoplasia of UT normally found in horses and what types?
penis | squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoid, papilloma
103
what are signs of penile SCC in horses?
swollen sheath haematuria obstruction when large
104
how is equine penile SCC treated?
depend on position and extent local excision penile resection
105
what is prognosis for equine penile SCC?
high recurrence | low metastasis
106
what horses are more prone to urolithiasis?
males as shorter wider urethra | adults
107
where are uroliths mainly found in horses?
bladder | then kidneys then ureters then urethra
108
what type of uroliths do horses get?
calcium carbonate
109
what is the difference between type 1 and 2 uroliths in horses?
1- yellow, spiculated, easily broken up | 2- grey, smooth
110
what is a sabulous urolith in horses?
accumulation of urine sediment in ventral bladder
111
how can you prevent recurrence of uroliths in horses?
no supplementary electrolytes or alfalfa | monitor for UTI
112
what are signs of cystic calculi in horses?
dysuira haematuria stranguria incontinence
113
how is cystic calculi diagnosed in horses?
rectal endoscopy ultrasound
114
how is cystica calculi treated in horses?
laparotomy and cystotomy
115
what is urethral calculi in horses?
small crystals passed into urethra
116
what are signs of urethral calculi in horses?
dysuria colic ARF, CRF rupture
117
how is urethral calculi treated in horses?
perineal urethrotomy
118
what causes urinary incontinence in horses?
upper or lower motor neurone disorders myogenic disorders sabulous urolithiasis
119
what are the main causes of bladder paralysis in horses?
neurologic disease | herpes virus
120
what are the consequences of bladder paralysis in horses?
incontinence scalding loss of anal and muscle tone
121
how do you nurse horses with bladder paralysis?
clean perineum protect from scalding manage catheters monitor UOP
122
what can cause developmental urinary abnormalities in foals?
failure of closure at birth of urachus which in utero carries urine from bladder to allantoic cavity
123
what are signs of patent urachus in foals?
urine dripping from umbilicus
124
how is patent urachus in foals treated?
prophylactic antibiotics | surgical resection
125
when does bladder rupture typically happen in foals?
males during parturition
126
how do foals with bladder rupture present?
dullness over first 72 hours
127
what is the effect of bladder rupture in foals?
electrolyte imbalance | urine accumulation in abdomen
128
how is foals bladder rupture treated?
IVFT | surgical correction

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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