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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Equine nursing > Flashcards

Equine nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

how do happy and relaxed horses look?

A 
stood square
resting hindlimb
head up
pricked ears
relaxed lips
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2
Q

what are signs of nervous horse?

A

tight face lines
tense neck
leaning back

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3
Q

what are signs of angry horse?

A

flared nostrils
ears back
bite or kick if not left alone

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4
Q

how is demeanour in horses assessed?

A

compared to others and normal self
bright or quiet
alert or subdued or dull
responsive or unresponsive or hyperaesthetic

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5
Q

what are signs of healthy horse?

A 
bright
alert
responsive
interest in environment
normal behaviour
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6
Q

what is normal defecation for horses?

A

4-13 piles a day
individual nuggets that can have moisture squeezed out
normal colour
no parasites

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7
Q

describe normal urination for horses

A

several times daily

hindlimbs wide and caudal

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8
Q

how much do normal horses drink?

A

50ml/kg/day

more with dry food

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9
Q

what is the normal amount of food horses should eat daily?

A

1.5-2.5% BW in dry matter

18 hours grazing

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10
Q

state normal horse RR

A

12-20 brpm

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11
Q

what should be observed in clinical exam of respiration of horses?

A

RR and effort
shouldnt see nasal flare, abdominal effort, coughing or heave line
moist nares

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12
Q

state normal HR in horses

A

30-40bpm

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13
Q

where are pulse rates taken in horses?

A

transverse facial artery- line between caudal end of facial crest and mandibular condyle
facial artery- ventral border of mandible
digital artery- medial and lateral aspects of fetlock

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14
Q

where do you do cardiac auscultation on horses?

A

left lateral thorax under point of elbow at 6th intercostal space

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15
Q

what are normal MM colours in horses?

A

oral- pink
nasal- red
vulva- yellow

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16
Q

describe normal lymph nodes in horses

A

symmetrical

no reaction when palpated

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17
Q

what are signs of abnormal lymph nodes in horses?

A

enlarged
asymmetric
painful

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18
Q

where can horses lymph nodes be found?

A

either side of ventral mandible between where facial arteries cross under jaw

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19
Q

how do you auscultate lungs in horses?

A

divide into 9 fields

cranial edge from shoulder to elbows, dorsal at tuber coxae, caudal at 16th rib

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20
Q

where can you auscultate the trachea in horses?

A

ventral neck at thoracic inlet
mid neck
larynx

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21
Q

what sounds can you expect to hear in normal horse abdomen?

A

gut sounds in all quadrants

caecal emptying in right dorsal quadrant

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22
Q

where do you measure temperature in horses?

A

rectal

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23
Q

state normal horse temperature

A

37.3-38.2

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24
Q

what are signs of pain in horses?

A

pain face
horse grimace scale
changed body language and behaviour

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25
Q

state signs of colic in horses

A 
rolling
looking at flanks
grinding teeth
recumbency
pawing
anorexia
reduced faecal output
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26
Q

what are signs of equine respiratory disease?

A 
exercise intolerance
extended head and neck
increased abdominal effort
heave line
coughing
nasal discharge
epistaxis
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27
Q

list signs of liver disease in horses

A 
dull or hyperaesthetic
inappetant
weight loss
jaundice
head pressing
compulsive circling
light sensitivity
diarrhoea
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28
Q

what are signs of dental disease in horses?

A

dropping food
weight loss
slow eating
halitosis

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29
Q

list signs of lameness in horses

A 
recumbency
resting limb
abnormal movement
poor performance
inappetence
sweating
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30
Q

what are routine core equine vaccines?

A

influenza

tetanus

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31
Q

what vaccines are also given to horses in stud?

A

herpes
rotavirus
equine viral arteritis
equine infectious anaemia

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32
Q

when are vaccines given for equine influenza?

A

day 0
3 weeks-3 months
5-7 months
6 monthly if competing otherwise yearly

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33
Q

what is equine influenza?

A

highly contagious viral infection causing respiratory disease

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34
Q

what are signs of equine influenza?

A

pyrexia
nasal discharge
coughing

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35
Q

when are tetanus vaccines given to horses?

A

2 doses 4-6 weeks apart
1 year
3 yearly

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36
Q

how is tetanus spread?

A

non contagious

enters wounds and absorbed into circulation

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37
Q

what is the signs of tetanus?

A 
spastic paralysis
muscular contraction
extended head neck and tail
wide eyes and nostril
death
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38
Q

how often should horses have routine dental exams?

A

6-12 months

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39
Q

how are worms managed in horses?

A

poo pick paddocks
rotate pastures
test all horses with FWEC 3 times between march and september
test for tapeworm with ELISA at least yearly
worm according to individual egg count

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40
Q

list general grooming requirements for horses

A 
remove dried mud
body brush all over
pick feet daily
face sponge for eyes and muzzle
if riding clean where tack touches at least
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41
Q

what is the benefit of shoeing horses?

A

protection from excess wear
support heal
give traction

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42
Q

how often are horses shoed?

A

4-8 weeks

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43
Q

how can flies around horses be managed?

A

repellent sprays
rugs
face mask
fly fringe

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44
Q

why are horses stabled?

A

protect from elements, others, theft, straying
keep clean and dry
control diet
manage exercise

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45
Q

describe loosebox stables

A

all access directly to outside
rows or yards
individual stables
may share airspaces

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46
Q

describe barns stables

A

access within building
large area for horse to move freely
need good ventilation

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47
Q

describe american barn stables

A

individual spaces in large barn
wide central passage
shared air space or overhead storage

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48
Q

what are stalls?

A

holding areas in riding schools

rows of horses ties up with barriers between

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49
Q

state minimum stable size for large horses

A

12x14ft

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50
Q

state minimum stable size for horses and mules

A

12x12ft

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51
Q

state minimum stable size for large ponies and large donkeys

A

10x12ft

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52
Q

state minimum stable size for ponies and donkeys

A

10x10ft

53
Q

state minimum stable size for foaling box

A

14x14ft

54
Q

where should stable blocks be located?

A 
not upwind of dust sources
not under trees as can block drains
south facing for sun and warmth
shelter from wind
no steep slopes near
55
Q

what are ideal features of stable doors?

A

wide and high to reduce trauma risk- 1.2x2.4m
sliding if space limited
half hinged for ventilation and confinement
safety catches and kick bolts

56
Q

how can you ensure good drainage in stables?

A

slightly sloped floor
drainage grooves
keep drains clear

57
Q

where should feeders be placed?

A

haynets- air outflow

feeders- on floor for drainage and to leave dust at floor when chewing

58
Q

what is the benefit of natural and artificial lighting in stables?

A

natural- UV kills MOs

artificial- use at night, manipulate oestrus

59
Q

how is ventilation achieved in stables?

A

air inlets and outlets

60
Q

what horses is hypothermia only really seen in?

A

neonates
geriatric
sick
malnourished

61
Q

why are most horses not susceptible to hypothermia?

A

well fed- most heat from LI fermentation
rugged
movement

62
Q

what is the purpose of horses bedding?

A

insulation
comfort
absorbance

63
Q

list types of horses bedding

A 
straw
shavings
wood pellets
paper
hemp
rubber mats
64
Q

what are pollutants that can be in stables?

A

dust

ammonia

65
Q

what it the issue with dust in stables and how can it be reduced?

A

irritant or allergen

good quality bedding, soaking forage, mucking out when stable empty

66
Q

what is the cause and issue of ammonia in stables and how is it reduced?

A

bacterial breakdown of excretions
local irritant
absorbent bedding and increased frequency of mucking out

67
Q

describe the process of mucking out stables

A 
daily full clean
remove all faeces and wet bedding
move all bedding to clean area
sweep and allow floor to dry
replace bedding and add fresh bedding to banks as needed
68
Q

why should you let floor dry before replacing bedding in stables?

A

reduce mould and ammonia

69
Q

how are deep litter bedding in stables typically mucked out and what is the negatives?

A

remove droppings daily and add new bedding on top

ammonia builds up, hooves on damp bedding can cause thrush

70
Q

how can respiratory system be helped by arrangement in stable?

A 
feed from floor
hang hay in air outlet
good bedding and mucking out
good ventilation
turn out as much as possible
71
Q

how should horses feeding be managed in stables?

A 
always provide freshwater
forage is most of diet
fed little and often
keep routine same and avoid sudden change
supplement with concentrates
72
Q

list examples of horses daily exercise

A

ridden
lunged
horse walker
turned out

73
Q

describe hospital stable conditions

A

deep beds or rubber mats depending on condition
daily muck out and 2x daily skip out
complete disinfect between patients
muck heap away from stables

74
Q

how should isolation stables be managed in hospitals?

A 
distant
down wind of others
separate equipment and food
PPE
dirty bedding is clinical waste
complete disinfect and test between patients
75
Q

how are horses fed in hospital?

A

starve 2 hours pre op
wet meals post op
cross tie head high and give meals from floor for drainage and ventilation
account for increased energy demand from healing

76
Q

list some equine urinary tract disorders

A 
PUPD
pigmenturia
renal disease
neoplasia
urolithiasis
UTI
77
Q

how are equine urinary tract disorders diagnosed?

A

history
water intake over last 24 hours
abnormal urination
other issues

78
Q

how is a clinical exam for equine urinary disorders done?

A

standard exam

rectal to feel bladder and left kidneys caudal pole

79
Q

if urinary obstruction is suspected what should be done in horses?

A

place urinary catheter

80
Q

what can blood tests show when investigating urinary disease in horses?

A

leucocytosis from inflammation or infection
anaemia
azotaemia

81
Q

how are urine samples normally collected from horses?

A

midstream

catheter

82
Q

what urine tests are done on horses?

A

USG
biochemistry
sediment analysis

83
Q

how are urinary ultrasounds done on horses and what can they show?

A

transrectal or transabdominal

uroliths in kidneys and bladder, kidney structure

84
Q

what is cystoscopy used for in horses?

A

examine urethra, bladder, ureters

85
Q

describe the water deprivation test in horses

A

weigh horse
check urea, creatinine and USG
remove water and regularly measure parameters

86
Q

when is water deprivation test done in horses?

A

PUPD

87
Q

when do you stop the water deprivation test in horses?

A 
reach 24 hours
USG above 1.020
azotaemia
signs of dehydration
loss of 5% BW
88
Q

what can be causes of pigmenturia in horses?

A

myoglobin from myopathy
haemoglobin from haemolysis
haematuria from UT bleeding

89
Q

what are causes of PUPD in horses?

A

renal failure
PPID
diabetes

90
Q

what are clinical signs of acute renal failure in horses?

A

lethargy
inappetence
signs of primary issue
dehydration

91
Q

how is acute renal failure in horses diagnosed?

A

oliguria
azotaemia
USG
casts in urine

92
Q

how is acute renal failure in horses treated?

A

reverse underlying cause
IVFT
correct electrolytes
dopamine to improve renal blood flow

93
Q

what are nursing considerations for horses with acute renal failure?

A

IVFT
monitor urine output
check for signs of laminitis
encourage eating and grazing

94
Q

what is the prognosis for horses with acute renal failure?

A

can live long but often polyuric and need constant water

95
Q

what affects prognosis of horses with acute renal failure?

A

underlying cause
duration
response to treatment
complications

96
Q

what are causes of chronic renal failure in horses?

A

immune mediated, ischemic, toxic or infectious glomerulonephritis

97
Q

what are clinical signs of chronic renal disease in horses?

A 
lethargy
anorexia
weight loss
PUPD
dental tartar
azotaemia
unconcentrated urine
98
Q

what is the prognosis for equine chronic renal disease?

A

poor

99
Q

list nursing considerations for equine chronic renal disease

A

IVFT
provide water
encourage eating
reduce protein in diet

100
Q

what are signs of UTI in horses?

A

dysuria

101
Q

how are UTIs diagnosed in horses?

A

urine sample
bacteriology
find underlying cause

102
Q

where is neoplasia of UT normally found in horses and what types?

A

penis

squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoid, papilloma

103
Q

what are signs of penile SCC in horses?

A

swollen sheath
haematuria
obstruction when large

104
Q

how is equine penile SCC treated?

A

depend on position and extent
local excision
penile resection

105
Q

what is prognosis for equine penile SCC?

A

high recurrence

low metastasis

106
Q

what horses are more prone to urolithiasis?

A

males as shorter wider urethra

adults

107
Q

where are uroliths mainly found in horses?

A

bladder

then kidneys then ureters then urethra

108
Q

what type of uroliths do horses get?

A

calcium carbonate

109
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and 2 uroliths in horses?

A

1- yellow, spiculated, easily broken up

2- grey, smooth

110
Q

what is a sabulous urolith in horses?

A

accumulation of urine sediment in ventral bladder

111
Q

how can you prevent recurrence of uroliths in horses?

A

no supplementary electrolytes or alfalfa

monitor for UTI

112
Q

what are signs of cystic calculi in horses?

A

dysuira
haematuria
stranguria
incontinence

113
Q

how is cystic calculi diagnosed in horses?

A

rectal
endoscopy
ultrasound

114
Q

how is cystica calculi treated in horses?

A

laparotomy and cystotomy

115
Q

what is urethral calculi in horses?

A

small crystals passed into urethra

116
Q

what are signs of urethral calculi in horses?

A

dysuria
colic
ARF, CRF
rupture

117
Q

how is urethral calculi treated in horses?

A

perineal urethrotomy

118
Q

what causes urinary incontinence in horses?

A

upper or lower motor neurone disorders
myogenic disorders
sabulous urolithiasis

119
Q

what are the main causes of bladder paralysis in horses?

A

neurologic disease

herpes virus

120
Q

what are the consequences of bladder paralysis in horses?

A

incontinence
scalding
loss of anal and muscle tone

121
Q

how do you nurse horses with bladder paralysis?

A

clean perineum
protect from scalding
manage catheters
monitor UOP

122
Q

what can cause developmental urinary abnormalities in foals?

A

failure of closure at birth of urachus which in utero carries urine from bladder to allantoic cavity

123
Q

what are signs of patent urachus in foals?

A

urine dripping from umbilicus

124
Q

how is patent urachus in foals treated?

A

prophylactic antibiotics

surgical resection

125
Q

when does bladder rupture typically happen in foals?

A

males during parturition

126
Q

how do foals with bladder rupture present?

A

dullness over first 72 hours

127
Q

what is the effect of bladder rupture in foals?

A

electrolyte imbalance

urine accumulation in abdomen

128
Q

how is foals bladder rupture treated?

A

IVFT

surgical correction

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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