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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Exotic nursing > Flashcards

Exotic nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by exotics?

A

animals not included in farm, equine or cats and dogs

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2
Q

how do you become an exotic vet?

A

get a special diploma

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3
Q

what are key factors of exotic consults?

A

ideally 30 minutes
thorough history vital
often need diagnostic tests

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4
Q

how can reception advise owners when bringing exotics into practice?

A 
advise transport
request faecal samples
ask to bring in food and supplements
bring photos of environment
pre-consult questionnaire
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5
Q

how should rodents and rabbits be transported?

A

secure carrier

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6
Q

what needs considering when transporting reptiles?

A

heating provisions

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7
Q

how should snakes be transported?

A

pillow case

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8
Q

how should birds be transported?

A

cages

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9
Q

how should fish be transported?

A

double plastic bag in waterproof box

second bag if need anaesthesia recovery

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10
Q

what facilities are needed in practice for exotics?

A

heated tank for birds
vivarium for reptiles
cool area for rabbits

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11
Q

list some equipment used in exotic consults

A 
good microscope
crop tubes
fine instruments
ventilator
endoscopy
magnification
sensitive scales
disinfectants
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12
Q

why do exotics often present with progressed diseases?

A

hide illness

once presenting rapidly deteriorate

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13
Q

what is first aid for exotics?

A 
check ABCs
stop bleeding
provide correct temperature
oxygen except reptiles
rehydration
analgesia
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14
Q

why is oxygen provision to reptiles given cautiously?

A

stop breathing in high oxygen

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15
Q

define zoonoses

A

infectious disease that can pass from animal to human

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16
Q

list common zoonoses in reptiles

A

salmonella
campylobacter
pentastomids

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17
Q

list common zoonoses in birds

A

chlamydohila
salmonella
mycobacterial
avian influenza

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18
Q

list common zoonoses in small mammals

A

dermatophytosis
E. cuniculi
salmonella

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19
Q

state a common zoonoses in fish

A

mycobacterium marinum

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20
Q

what are symptoms of mycobacterium spp. in fish?

A

local non-healing ulcers
reduced appetite
weight loss
body deformities

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21
Q

what is the effect of mycobacterium spp in humans?

A

localised lesions

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22
Q

how is mycobacterium spp zoonoses spread prevented?

A

cover open wounds with water proof dressings
gloves
wash hands well
wash equipment separate to sinks for human use

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23
Q

how is dermatophytosis spread?

A

skin contact with the fungus

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24
Q

what are signs of dermatophytosis infection?

A

scaly, itchy patches on skin

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25
Q

how can you prevent spread of dermatophytosis?

A

wear gloves

wash hands well

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26
Q

how are exotics euthanised?

A

gaseous or injectable anaesthetic

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27
Q

how are exotic mammals euthanised by injectables?

A

IV to ear vein or cranial vena cava

injection into kidney or liver

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28
Q

how are reptiles euthanised by injection?

A

IV to tail vein or jugular
injection into liver or heart
destroy spinal cord with needle

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29
Q

how are birds euthanised by injection?

A

IV to jugular or tibiotarsal

into liver

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30
Q

how are fish euthanised?

A

anaesthetic in water
pentobarbitone injection
sever spinal cord behind gill cover

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31
Q

list some anatomical features specific to rabbits

A 
light skeleton
powerful hindlegs can cause damage
nasal breathers
larynx hard to visualise for intubation
open rooted teeth
cant vomit
coprophagic
open inguinal ring so need closed castration
2 cervices
prominent forward eyes
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32
Q

list parameters assessed in rabbits

A 
posture
HR
RR
temperature
weight
droppings
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33
Q

what is normal rabbit temperature?

A

38.3-39.4

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34
Q

what environmental features are needed for hospitalising rabbits?

A 
secure
non-slip floor
cool to prevent heat stress
no predators near
normal food and water
can keep with bonded pair
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35
Q

where are rabbit blood samples taken from?

A

lateral saphenous
marginal ear vein
cephalic
jugular

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36
Q

what is maximum recommended volume of blood to take from rabbit?

A

1ml/100g

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37
Q

what are ways of giving medication to rabbits?

A 
syringe into side of cheek
SC
IM quads
IV ear vein
shampoo
cream
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38
Q

what are signs of pain in rabbits?

A

naturally hide pain
quiet
grinding teeth
grimace scale

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39
Q

what are fluids used for in rabbits?

A

crystalloids to correct imbalance

colloids to bring up BP

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40
Q

what is maintenance fluids for rabbits?

A

100ml/kg/24hrs

4ml/kg/hr

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41
Q

what are the preferred routes of fluid provision to rabbits?

A

IV marginal ear vein or cephalic

SC

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42
Q

why are buster collars not recommended for most rabbits?

A

stressful

prevent coprophagia

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43
Q

describe how to supportively feed rabbits

A

1ml syringe feeding so easy to eat without spitting

feed finely ground grass based food as still need long chain fibre

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44
Q

what are examples of parasites found in rabbits?

A

mites
fleas
coccidia
worms

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45
Q

what are signs of GI stasis in rabbits?

A

anorexia
absence of droppings
bloated abdomen
abdominal pain

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46
Q

what causes GI stasis in rabbits?

A

pain
stress
wrong diet
concurrent disease

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47
Q

how is GI stasis treated in rabbits?

A 
analgesia
IVFT
prokinetics
syringe feeding
encourage eating
find and treat underlying cause
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48
Q

what do different BG levels in rabbits suggest?

A 
less than 5- pathology, inappetance
5-10 normal
10-15- stress, pain
15-20- significant pain
over 20- GI obstruction
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49
Q

list GI diseases that can be present in rabbits

A 
GI stasis
GI obstruction 
liver lobe torsion
dental disease
diarrhoea
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50
Q

what are signs of respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

difficulty breathing

open mouth breathing

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51
Q

what are examples of respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

snuffles
pneumonia
neoplasia

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52
Q

what are causes of urinary incontinence in rabbits?

A 
renal disease
dental pain
bladder infection, stone, neoplasia
back pain
e cuniculi
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53
Q

what are signs and causes of vestibular disease in rabbits?

A

head tilt and circling

e cuniculi

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54
Q

what is e cuniculi in rabbits?

A

parasite effecting kidneys and CNS

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55
Q

how does e cuniculi in rabbits spread?

A

shed in urine

eat infected urine on grass

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56
Q

list symptoms of e cuniculi in rabbits

A 
head tilt
ataxia
hindlimb weakness
urinary incontinence
renal failure
cataracts
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57
Q

how is e cuniculi treated in rabbits?

A

fenbendazole

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58
Q

list some skin problems in rabbits

A 
mites
flystrike
abscesses
pododermatitis
otitis
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59
Q

what are causes of faecal clogging?

A 
no caecotrophy so collects on back end
too much carbs
obesity so cant reach
dental disease
back pain
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60
Q

how is myxomatosis spread in rabbits?

A

biting insects

direct contact

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61
Q

list symptoms of myxomatosis in rabbits

A

swelling around eyes and genitals

ocular discharge

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62
Q

how is rabbit haemorrhagic disease spread?

A

fomites

direct contact

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63
Q

what are symptoms of rabbit haemorrhagic disease?

A

sudden death

haemorrhage from nose, mouth, anus

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64
Q

list animals considered wildlife

A 
birds
hedgehogs
bats
foxes
badgers
deer
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65
Q

what are aims of wildlife rehab?

A

alleviate pain
restore so can be returned to wild and survive
reduce impacts on wild life caused by humans
species conservation

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66
Q

what are considerations when rescuing wildlife?

A

make sure they actually need rescuing
own safety first
minimise stress to animal

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67
Q

when is it better to euthanise wildlife?

A

cant release animals if wont survive or likely to have complications

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68
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of keeping wildlife in captivity?

A

adv- healthy but wouldnt survive in wild, breed rare species

disadv- affects quality of life, increased stress

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69
Q

why is water quality so important to fish?

A

constant exchange between fish and water so good quality water means healthy fish

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70
Q

how are fish anaesthetised?

A

phenoxethanol or MS222 tricane methane
LA with systemic effect
depth depends on amount of agent in water and how long left in
to recover place in fresh water

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71
Q

what are some diagnostic tests that can be done on fish?

A 
mucus scrapings for parasites
gill and fin preparations
bacteriology
bloods
radiography
ultrasound
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72
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of admin of therapeutics for fish?

A

adv- injections last long due to slow metabolism, topical good
disadv- in pond kills bacteria, in pond and food inaccurate

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73
Q

what is causes of ulcer disease in fish?

A

septicaemia

trauma

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74
Q

how is ulcer disease in fish treated?

A 
GA
debridement
iodine cleaning
antibiotics
correct underlying disease
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75
Q

state some first aid advice to give to fish owners

A

check water quality
can quarantine affected fish
change 30% water to dilute toxins
improve aeration

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76
Q

what are basic husbandry requirements for amphibians?

A 
polikotherms so need good temperature
nocturnal
UV light for calcium metabolism
good water quality
high humidity
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77
Q

list common amphibian problems

A

skin infections
chytridiomycosis
foreign bodies
metabolic bone disease

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78
Q

what are common problems associated with invertebrates?

A

shedding issues
mites
nematodes
trauma

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79
Q

list anatomical features specific to reptiles

A 
exotherms
inflexible skin covered in scales
shed skin as grow
bony shell in chelonia contains vessels and nerves
no diaphragm
coelom is single body cavity
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80
Q

what is monitored for reptiles?

A 
weight
RR
excretions
activity
shedding
environmental temperature
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81
Q

what is needed for hospitalising reptiles?

A

environmental temperature control
heated tank or vivarium
tortoise table

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82
Q

where are bloods taken from in reptiles and why are they hard?

A

ventral tail vein
snakes- ventral tail vein, cardiocentesis
tortoise- jugular, subvertebral
relies on landmarks as hard to palpate

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83
Q

how are medications administered to reptiles?

A 
topical
oral
deep SC
IM to back legs
IV 
IO
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84
Q

what are methods of fluid therapy in reptiles?

A 
soaking
oral
intracoelomic
SC
IV
IO
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85
Q

what is recommended volumes for fluid therapy in reptiles?

A

10-30ml/kg/day

86
Q

describe how to assist feeding in reptiles

A

stomach or oesophagostomy tube
prevent refeeding syndrome
electrolytes and AA

87
Q

what are common parasites seen in reptiles?

A

worms
coccidia
ticks
mites

88
Q

what are common medial problems in reptiles?

A 
anorexia
impaction
metabolic bone disease
scale or shell rot
trauma
abscess
retained shell
renal disease
dysecdysis
89
Q

what causes metabolic bone diseases in reptiles?

A

imbalance of C and PO

lack of vitamin D

90
Q

what are signs of metabolic bone disease in reptiles?

A

shell deformity
fractures
rubber jaw
seizures

91
Q

how is metabolic bone disease in reptiles treated?

A

UV light

Ca and vitamin D supplements

92
Q

how are abscesses in reptiles treated?

A

remove whole capsule as solid so cant drain

93
Q

what causes dysecdysis?

A

poor husbandry
lack of humidity
retention of spectacles, around toes, mouth and eyes

94
Q

how is dysecdysis treated?

A

provide humidity
shedding chamber
ease of shed

95
Q

what is significant about dentition of rodents?

A

myomorphs have closed rooted molars
hysricomorphs have open rooted molars
all have continually growing incisors

96
Q

what parameters are assessed in rodents?

A 
eating 
drinking
droppings
weight
RR
HR but hard as so rapid
97
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising rodents?

A 
keep away from predators
keep below 21 degrees to prevent heat stress
escape proof
suitable diet
hide areas
98
Q

where are bloods taken from rodents?

A

tail vein
lateral saphenous
cranial vena cava

99
Q

what is recommended amount of blood to take from rodents?

A

1ml/100g max

usually 0.5ml/100g

100
Q

how are medications administered to rodents?

A 
oral
SC
IM but little muscle
IV
topical
101
Q

why do rodents need high drug doses?

A

high metabolic rate

102
Q

what is maintenance fluids for rodents?

A

100ml/kg/day

103
Q

how are fluids usually given to rodents?

A

SC
oral
intraperitoneal

104
Q

what are common medical issues for rodents?

A 
mites
bite wounds
abscesses
ringworm
respiratory problems
tumours
fractures
105
Q

what are common medical issues in rats?

A

respiratory infections

mammary masses

106
Q

what are common medical issues in hamsters?

A 
ingrown incisors
cheek pouch impactions
wet tail
demodex
skin cancer
pyometra
107
Q

what are common medical issues in guinea pigs?

A 
dental disease
mites
urolithiasis
pregnancy toxaemia
cystic ovaries
108
Q

what are common issues in chinchillas?

A

dental disease

respiratory disease

109
Q

list anatomical features specific to ferrets

A

compact muscular body with flexible spine
similar to cat in different proportions
anal scent glands

110
Q

what is assessed in ferrets?

A 
alert and inquisitive mentation
pulse
RR
MM
rectal temperature
hydration
111
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising ferrets?

A

cat cage but secure all escape routes
below 30 degrees
away from prey

112
Q

what is nutrition requirements for ferrets in hospital?

A

normal diet and similar bowls to home
feline critical care diet
dont fast as cause hypoglycaemia

113
Q

how are bloods taken from ferrets?

A 
under GA
jugular
lateral saphenous
cephalic
cranial vena cava
114
Q

how are medications given to ferrets?

A

SC in scruff
IM to thigh or lumbar
IV
oral

115
Q

how are fluids administered to ferrets?

A

oral
SC
IP
IV

116
Q

what is maintenance for ferrets fluids?

A

100ml/kg/day

117
Q

what are common medical problems seen in ferrets?

A 
persistent oestrus
adrenal disease
lymphoma
insulinoma
IBD
dental disease
influenza
118
Q

how is persistent oestrus resolved in ferrets?

A

hormones

mate with neutered male

119
Q

what is the consequence of persistent oestrus in ferrets?

A

high oestrogen supresses bone marrow causing severe anaemia

120
Q

what is the affect of spaying ferrets?

A

adrenal hypertrophy and disease due to gonads inhibiting adrenal glands

121
Q

what are common conditions seen in african pygmy hedgehogs?

A 
dental disease
obesity
wobbly hedgehog syndrome
renal disease
tumours
122
Q

what is included in pre op assessment of small mammals?

A

thorough exam to check for hidden illness
check respiration and CV
record accurate weight
pre-anaesthetic bloods

123
Q

how are small mammals prepped for surgery?

A

prepare for things going wrong as little room for error, including IV placed, warmers, fluids, pre-oxygenation
clip skin gently and small area to reduce heat loss

124
Q

how are small mammals supported under GA?

A 
prevent heat loss
intubate to secure airway
manual monitoring to prevent machine error
raise chest
mechanical ventilation as needed
125
Q

how is post op haemorrhage prevented in small mammals?

A

monitor HR, MM, pulses for shock or internal bleeding
maintain IV
monitor wounds

126
Q

how is temperature in recovery managed in small mammals?

A

incubator or heat pad
monitor rectal temperature
prevent overheating

127
Q

how can hypoglycaemia be prevented in recovery in small mammals?

A

encourage to eat

monitor glucose

128
Q

how can you prevent gut stasis in small mammals in surgery recovery?

A

encourage eating as soon as possible
prokinetics, ranitidine
analgesia
monitor for droppings

129
Q

how is surgery in small mammals made easier?

A

adapted techniques from cats and dogs
use fine instruments and magnification
good haemostasis

130
Q

how are wounds sutured in small mammal surgery?

A

synthetic monofilament absorbable
buried skin sutures to prevent chewing out
tissue glue can be used

131
Q

what are radiographs and CT good for in small mammals?

A

teeth assessment

skull imaging

132
Q

why can imaging be hard in small mammals?

A

small size makes interpretation hard
free fat and fluid reduces contrast in abdomen
gas in abdomen can limit views
poor resolution

133
Q

what are ultrasounds good for assessing in small mammals?

A

bladder
masses
GI status

134
Q

what are common surgical procedures in small mammals?

A 
neutering
lump removal 
GI obstruction
liver lobe torsion
dentistry
135
Q

what can contribute to malocclusion in small mammals?

A

lack of grass to wear down
calcium affects formation of teeth
breeding

136
Q

describe what is looked for in dental exams in small mammals

A 
weight loss
ptyalism
swellings on mandible
otoscope looking at teeth
skull radiographs
137
Q

how can dental problems in small mammals be treated?

A

dental burr to wear down and reshape
correct diet
hard to cure malocclusion

138
Q

what is included in reptiles pre op assessments?

A

clinical exam
faecal and blood screens
monitoring temperature

139
Q

how are reptiles supported under GA?

A

IPPV or ventilator

maintain temperature

140
Q

why is anaesthetic monitoring of reptiles difficult?

A

few reflexes when at surgical depth

externally controlled respiration

141
Q

how are reptiles prepared for surgery?

A

chlorhex or iodine soak between scales
clear drapes for visualisation
positioned to minimise pressure on lungs

142
Q

how are reptiles recovered from anaesthesia?

A

gradually reduce RR
breathing stimulated by low oxygen not high CO2
monitor breathing with capnography
keep preferred temperature

143
Q

where are surgical incisions made in reptiles?

A

between scales

144
Q

how are reptile surgical wounds sutured?

A

monofilament
everting suture pattern as skin naturally inverts
removed after 4-6 weeks
can use tissue glue with sutures

145
Q

what are common surgical procedures in reptiles?

A

mass removal
ovariosalpingectomy or ovariectomy
GI obstruction
hemipenile amputation

146
Q

why is imaging reptiles useful?

A

hard to palpate to find problems

147
Q

describe basic husbandry for parrots

A 
perches from non-toxic trees
regular bathing
12 hour day night cycle
UV for vit D synthesis
enrichment
148
Q

why are seed based diets not recommended for birds?

A 
high in calories
deficient in nutrients, EAA, fibre, omega 3
poor Ca to P ratio
can have fungal contamination
encourages selective feeding
149
Q

what is the main cause of disease in birds?

A

malnutrition from poor diet

150
Q

what causes calcium and vitamin D deficiency in birds?

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

151
Q

what is the effect of hypocalcaemia in birds?

A

seizures
thin egg shells
dystocia

152
Q

how is hypocalcaemia diagnosed in birds?

A

radiography

serum ionised calcium

153
Q

how is hypocalcaemia in birds treated?

A

supplements
diet
UVB light

154
Q

what are the effects of obesity in birds?

A

hepatic lipidosis
mineralisation of arterial walls
lipoma

155
Q

what are the effects of hypovitaminosis A in birds?

A

squamous metaplasia of epithelium
secondary infection
poor feather quality
diarrhoea

156
Q

describe methods of converting birds from seed to pellets

A 
mix in with pellets and gradually reduce seeds
limit time with seeds
place pellets on mirror
hand feed
may need hospitalising
157
Q

what can cause feather damaging behaviour in birds?

A

females
boredom
medical conditions

158
Q

how is feather damaging behaviour in parrots tried to be treated?

A 
rule out medical cause
pellet diet
increase humidity
maximum 12 hours light
destress
improve ventilation
159
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising birds?

A

often critical as hide illness
history
bring pictures of environment

160
Q

list signs of illness in birds?

A 
sick bird syndrome
change in water and food intake
vomiting
abnormal behaviour
open mouth breathing
discharge
abnormal stance
straining
change in excretions
161
Q

how should birds be handled?

A

support body with wings under control

dont restrict sternal movement as no diaphragm to breathe

162
Q

what are considerations for clinical exam on birds?

A

may need to stabilise or GA before
diagnostic tests important
get weight and BCS

163
Q

what are considerations when hospitalising birds?

A

away from predators
perches and appropriate substrate
access to food and water

164
Q

how are sick birds managed?

A 
keep environment at 30 degrees
normal diet
weigh daily 
nursing care
barrier nursing
manage hygiene
separate wild from pets
165
Q

how are sick birds treated generally?

A

crop tubing
flush sinuses for respiratory tract infections
nebulisation for respiratory disease
injections

166
Q

how is crop tubing done in birds?

A

use largest tube
extend neck and pass into left side of mouth into oesophagus
palpate right base of neck to confirm in crop
feed every 2-8 hours with food at 38-40 degrees

167
Q

list injection sites in birds

A

SC to inguinal fold, intrascapular region
IM to distal third pectoral
IV jugular, ulnar, basilic, metatarsal veins
IO to ulna or tibiotarsus

168
Q

what is maintenance fluids for birds?

A

50-100ml/kg/day

169
Q

how are birds fluids managed?

A

assume all sick are 5-10% dehydrated
maintenance and half deficit day 1
rest of deficit and maintenance over 2-3 days

170
Q

how are fluids administered to birds?

A

oral
SC
IV
IO

171
Q

how are bloods taken from birds?

A

easier under GA
right jugular
basilic
median metatarsal vein

172
Q

what is maximum blood that can be taken from birds?

A

1% BW if healthy, less if sick

173
Q

what is feather moulting in birds?

A

moult annually after breeding season
new feathers with blood supply grow
old feathers blood supply regresses and feather unfurls from sheath

174
Q

why is wing clipping not reccomended?

A

sternal injury if crash land
physiological problems
can still glide
needs to be bilateral

175
Q

how are microchips placed in birds?

A

3rd pectoral
direct down
tissue glue to close skin

176
Q

how are birds euthanised?

A

under gaseous GA
IV to jugular, wing or median tarsal vein
injection into liver

177
Q

what are examples of diagnostic procedures in birds?

A 
radiography
bloods
PCR
culture and cytology
faecal parasitology
endoscopy
biopsy
post mortem
178
Q

how is radiography performed in birds?

A

right lateral and ventrodorsal standard views
under GA
barium contrast for GIT and coelom investigation

179
Q

what can endoscopy used for in birds?

A 
cloaca
sexing
lungs
air sacs
kidney
GIT 
gonads
180
Q

how are birds stabilised before anaesthesia?

A 
IVFT 
crop tubing
25-30 degrees to reduce metabolic demand
analgesia
short fasting
181
Q

why in inhalational anaesthesia used in birds?

A

fast induction and recovery

182
Q

what are the benefits of intubation for birds under anaesthesia?

A

provide airway
reduce dead space
protect aspiration
IPPV

183
Q

what are potential complications following intubating birds?

A

pressure necrosis if cuffed
tracheal damage
strictures

184
Q

how is birds temperature supported in surgery?

A

heat source
low GA time
warm and humidified gases
warmed fluids

185
Q

describe how to position birds for surgery

A

lateral recumbency

186
Q

why are masks not used for induction in water fowl?

A

stimulates dive reflex causing bradycardia and apnoea

187
Q

what are the benefits of air sac perfusion anaesthesia in birds?

A

good for head surgery or tracheal obstruction

can leave 3-5 days

188
Q

how is air sac perfusion tubes placed in birds?

A

drip tube or ETT with holes in side into left caudal airspace
behind last rib

189
Q

list anaesthetic monitoring for birds

A 
withdrawal, corneal, palpebral reflexes
HR
temperature
capnography
pulse oximetry
BP
190
Q

list some complications of birds in surgery

A

hypoventilation
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
apnoea

191
Q

how are respiratory complications in birds during surgery managed?

A

apnoea- reduce anaesthesia and provide oxygen, check ETT patency
IPPV if RR less than 4

192
Q

how are birds recovered from anaesthesia?

A 
100% oxygen ventilation
IVFT
extubate when breathing well and swallowing
keep warm
encourage eating quickly
193
Q

what can cause slow recovery in birds?

A 
pre-anaesthetic meds
hypothermia
hypovolaemia
hypoglycaemia
haemorrhage
pain
194
Q

list common zoonotic diseases in birds

A 
chlamydia psittaci
salmonellosis
campylobacteriosis
aspergillosis
avian influenza
195
Q

how are zoonoses in birds prevented?

A

good hygiene

PPE

196
Q

what are signs of chlamydia psittaci in birds and humans?

A

birds- conjunctivitis, respiratory signs, hepatopathy

humans- flu like, pneumonia, death

197
Q

what are common causes of GIT disease in birds?

A 
infection
heavy metal toxicity
malnutrition
obstruction
crop impaction
198
Q

what is looked for in clinical exams of birds with GIT disease?

A 
weight and BCS
dysphagia
crop abnormality
vomiting and regurgitation
defecation
199
Q

how are GIT diseases diagnosed in birds?

A 
faecal smears
crop wash
culture and sensitivity
PCR and serology
radiography and contrast
endoscopy
200
Q

list some causes of respiratory disease in birds?

A 
obstruction
inhaled toxins
infection
hypersensitivity
dyspnoea
201
Q

what is observed for in birds with respiratory disease?

A 
discharge
swellings
conjunctivitis
sneezing
check URT
cough 
dyspnoea
weight loss
cyanosis
202
Q

how are respiratory diseases in birds diagnosed?

A 
haematology
radiography
PCR and serology
culture and cytology
endoscopy
biopsy
post mortem
203
Q

how are respiratory diseases in birds treated?

A

rule out chlamydia psittaci
nebulise
air sac tube if obstruction

204
Q

what are common reproductive diseases in birds?

A

egg binding

egg yolk coelomitis

205
Q

what predisposes birds to egg binding?

A

malnutrition
hypocalcaemia
obesity
excess egg production

206
Q

what problems are caused by egg binding in birds?

A

metabolic disturbance and shock due to compression of pelvic and renal vasculature

207
Q

list clinical signs of egg binding in birds

A 
depression 
lethargy
weakness
reduced activity
straining
dyspnoea
coelomic distension
low frequency of defecation
208
Q

how is egg binding in birds diagnosed?

A

history
palpable egg
radiography
ionised calcium on biochemistry

209
Q

how is egg binding in birds treated?

A 
IVFT
nutritional support
lubrication and manual manipulation
ovocentesis and egg collapse
surgical removal
210
Q

what is egg yolk coelomitis in birds?

A

yolk released into coelomic cavity causing inflammation and secondary infection

211
Q

how are fractures in birds treated?

A 
immobilisation
wings with figure 8 bandage or body wrap
splint legs
heal fast
maintain joint function

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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