Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Nursing May Exam > Exotic nursing > Flashcards

Exotic nursing Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

what is meant by exotics?

A

animals not included in farm, equine or cats and dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do you become an exotic vet?

A

get a special diploma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are key factors of exotic consults?

A

ideally 30 minutes
thorough history vital
often need diagnostic tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can reception advise owners when bringing exotics into practice?

A 
advise transport
request faecal samples
ask to bring in food and supplements
bring photos of environment
pre-consult questionnaire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how should rodents and rabbits be transported?

A

secure carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what needs considering when transporting reptiles?

A

heating provisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how should snakes be transported?

A

pillow case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how should birds be transported?

A

cages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how should fish be transported?

A

double plastic bag in waterproof box

second bag if need anaesthesia recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what facilities are needed in practice for exotics?

A

heated tank for birds
vivarium for reptiles
cool area for rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list some equipment used in exotic consults

A 
good microscope
crop tubes
fine instruments
ventilator
endoscopy
magnification
sensitive scales
disinfectants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why do exotics often present with progressed diseases?

A

hide illness

once presenting rapidly deteriorate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is first aid for exotics?

A 
check ABCs
stop bleeding
provide correct temperature
oxygen except reptiles
rehydration
analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is oxygen provision to reptiles given cautiously?

A

stop breathing in high oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define zoonoses

A

infectious disease that can pass from animal to human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list common zoonoses in reptiles

A

salmonella
campylobacter
pentastomids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

list common zoonoses in birds

A

chlamydohila
salmonella
mycobacterial
avian influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

list common zoonoses in small mammals

A

dermatophytosis
E. cuniculi
salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

state a common zoonoses in fish

A

mycobacterium marinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are symptoms of mycobacterium spp. in fish?

A

local non-healing ulcers
reduced appetite
weight loss
body deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the effect of mycobacterium spp in humans?

A

localised lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is mycobacterium spp zoonoses spread prevented?

A

cover open wounds with water proof dressings
gloves
wash hands well
wash equipment separate to sinks for human use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is dermatophytosis spread?

A

skin contact with the fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are signs of dermatophytosis infection?

A

scaly, itchy patches on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can you prevent spread of dermatophytosis?

A

wear gloves

wash hands well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are exotics euthanised?

A

gaseous or injectable anaesthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how are exotic mammals euthanised by injectables?

A

IV to ear vein or cranial vena cava

injection into kidney or liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how are reptiles euthanised by injection?

A

IV to tail vein or jugular
injection into liver or heart
destroy spinal cord with needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how are birds euthanised by injection?

A

IV to jugular or tibiotarsal

into liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how are fish euthanised?

A

anaesthetic in water
pentobarbitone injection
sever spinal cord behind gill cover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

list some anatomical features specific to rabbits

A 
light skeleton
powerful hindlegs can cause damage
nasal breathers
larynx hard to visualise for intubation
open rooted teeth
cant vomit
coprophagic
open inguinal ring so need closed castration
2 cervices
prominent forward eyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

list parameters assessed in rabbits

A 
posture
HR
RR
temperature
weight
droppings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is normal rabbit temperature?

A

38.3-39.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what environmental features are needed for hospitalising rabbits?

A 
secure
non-slip floor
cool to prevent heat stress
no predators near
normal food and water
can keep with bonded pair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where are rabbit blood samples taken from?

A

lateral saphenous
marginal ear vein
cephalic
jugular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is maximum recommended volume of blood to take from rabbit?

A

1ml/100g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are ways of giving medication to rabbits?

A 
syringe into side of cheek
SC
IM quads
IV ear vein
shampoo
cream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are signs of pain in rabbits?

A

naturally hide pain
quiet
grinding teeth
grimace scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are fluids used for in rabbits?

A

crystalloids to correct imbalance

colloids to bring up BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is maintenance fluids for rabbits?

A

100ml/kg/24hrs

4ml/kg/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the preferred routes of fluid provision to rabbits?

A

IV marginal ear vein or cephalic

SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

why are buster collars not recommended for most rabbits?

A

stressful

prevent coprophagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe how to supportively feed rabbits

A

1ml syringe feeding so easy to eat without spitting

feed finely ground grass based food as still need long chain fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are examples of parasites found in rabbits?

A

mites
fleas
coccidia
worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are signs of GI stasis in rabbits?

A

anorexia
absence of droppings
bloated abdomen
abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what causes GI stasis in rabbits?

A

pain
stress
wrong diet
concurrent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how is GI stasis treated in rabbits?

A 
analgesia
IVFT
prokinetics
syringe feeding
encourage eating
find and treat underlying cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what do different BG levels in rabbits suggest?

A 
less than 5- pathology, inappetance
5-10 normal
10-15- stress, pain
15-20- significant pain
over 20- GI obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

list GI diseases that can be present in rabbits

A 
GI stasis
GI obstruction 
liver lobe torsion
dental disease
diarrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are signs of respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

difficulty breathing

open mouth breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are examples of respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

snuffles
pneumonia
neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are causes of urinary incontinence in rabbits?

A 
renal disease
dental pain
bladder infection, stone, neoplasia
back pain
e cuniculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are signs and causes of vestibular disease in rabbits?

A

head tilt and circling

e cuniculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is e cuniculi in rabbits?

A

parasite effecting kidneys and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how does e cuniculi in rabbits spread?

A

shed in urine

eat infected urine on grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

list symptoms of e cuniculi in rabbits

A 
head tilt
ataxia
hindlimb weakness
urinary incontinence
renal failure
cataracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how is e cuniculi treated in rabbits?

A

fenbendazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

list some skin problems in rabbits

A 
mites
flystrike
abscesses
pododermatitis
otitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are causes of faecal clogging?

A 
no caecotrophy so collects on back end
too much carbs
obesity so cant reach
dental disease
back pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

how is myxomatosis spread in rabbits?

A

biting insects

direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

list symptoms of myxomatosis in rabbits

A

swelling around eyes and genitals

ocular discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

how is rabbit haemorrhagic disease spread?

A

fomites

direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are symptoms of rabbit haemorrhagic disease?

A

sudden death

haemorrhage from nose, mouth, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

list animals considered wildlife

A 
birds
hedgehogs
bats
foxes
badgers
deer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are aims of wildlife rehab?

A

alleviate pain
restore so can be returned to wild and survive
reduce impacts on wild life caused by humans
species conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are considerations when rescuing wildlife?

A

make sure they actually need rescuing
own safety first
minimise stress to animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

when is it better to euthanise wildlife?

A

cant release animals if wont survive or likely to have complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of keeping wildlife in captivity?

A

adv- healthy but wouldnt survive in wild, breed rare species

disadv- affects quality of life, increased stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

why is water quality so important to fish?

A

constant exchange between fish and water so good quality water means healthy fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

how are fish anaesthetised?

A

phenoxethanol or MS222 tricane methane
LA with systemic effect
depth depends on amount of agent in water and how long left in
to recover place in fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what are some diagnostic tests that can be done on fish?

A 
mucus scrapings for parasites
gill and fin preparations
bacteriology
bloods
radiography
ultrasound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of admin of therapeutics for fish?

A

adv- injections last long due to slow metabolism, topical good
disadv- in pond kills bacteria, in pond and food inaccurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is causes of ulcer disease in fish?

A

septicaemia

trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how is ulcer disease in fish treated?

A 
GA
debridement
iodine cleaning
antibiotics
correct underlying disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

state some first aid advice to give to fish owners

A

check water quality
can quarantine affected fish
change 30% water to dilute toxins
improve aeration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what are basic husbandry requirements for amphibians?

A 
polikotherms so need good temperature
nocturnal
UV light for calcium metabolism
good water quality
high humidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

list common amphibian problems

A

skin infections
chytridiomycosis
foreign bodies
metabolic bone disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what are common problems associated with invertebrates?

A

shedding issues
mites
nematodes
trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

list anatomical features specific to reptiles

A 
exotherms
inflexible skin covered in scales
shed skin as grow
bony shell in chelonia contains vessels and nerves
no diaphragm
coelom is single body cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is monitored for reptiles?

A 
weight
RR
excretions
activity
shedding
environmental temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what is needed for hospitalising reptiles?

A

environmental temperature control
heated tank or vivarium
tortoise table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

where are bloods taken from in reptiles and why are they hard?

A

ventral tail vein
snakes- ventral tail vein, cardiocentesis
tortoise- jugular, subvertebral
relies on landmarks as hard to palpate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

how are medications administered to reptiles?

A 
topical
oral
deep SC
IM to back legs
IV 
IO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what are methods of fluid therapy in reptiles?

A 
soaking
oral
intracoelomic
SC
IV
IO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is recommended volumes for fluid therapy in reptiles?

A

10-30ml/kg/day

86
Q

describe how to assist feeding in reptiles

A

stomach or oesophagostomy tube
prevent refeeding syndrome
electrolytes and AA

87
Q

what are common parasites seen in reptiles?

A

worms
coccidia
ticks
mites

88
Q

what are common medial problems in reptiles?

A 
anorexia
impaction
metabolic bone disease
scale or shell rot
trauma
abscess
retained shell
renal disease
dysecdysis
89
Q

what causes metabolic bone diseases in reptiles?

A

imbalance of C and PO

lack of vitamin D

90
Q

what are signs of metabolic bone disease in reptiles?

A

shell deformity
fractures
rubber jaw
seizures

91
Q

how is metabolic bone disease in reptiles treated?

A

UV light

Ca and vitamin D supplements

92
Q

how are abscesses in reptiles treated?

A

remove whole capsule as solid so cant drain

93
Q

what causes dysecdysis?

A

poor husbandry
lack of humidity
retention of spectacles, around toes, mouth and eyes

94
Q

how is dysecdysis treated?

A

provide humidity
shedding chamber
ease of shed

95
Q

what is significant about dentition of rodents?

A

myomorphs have closed rooted molars
hysricomorphs have open rooted molars
all have continually growing incisors

96
Q

what parameters are assessed in rodents?

A 
eating 
drinking
droppings
weight
RR
HR but hard as so rapid
97
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising rodents?

A 
keep away from predators
keep below 21 degrees to prevent heat stress
escape proof
suitable diet
hide areas
98
Q

where are bloods taken from rodents?

A

tail vein
lateral saphenous
cranial vena cava

99
Q

what is recommended amount of blood to take from rodents?

A

1ml/100g max

usually 0.5ml/100g

100
Q

how are medications administered to rodents?

A 
oral
SC
IM but little muscle
IV
topical
101
Q

why do rodents need high drug doses?

A

high metabolic rate

102
Q

what is maintenance fluids for rodents?

A

100ml/kg/day

103
Q

how are fluids usually given to rodents?

A

SC
oral
intraperitoneal

104
Q

what are common medical issues for rodents?

A 
mites
bite wounds
abscesses
ringworm
respiratory problems
tumours
fractures
105
Q

what are common medical issues in rats?

A

respiratory infections

mammary masses

106
Q

what are common medical issues in hamsters?

A 
ingrown incisors
cheek pouch impactions
wet tail
demodex
skin cancer
pyometra
107
Q

what are common medical issues in guinea pigs?

A 
dental disease
mites
urolithiasis
pregnancy toxaemia
cystic ovaries
108
Q

what are common issues in chinchillas?

A

dental disease

respiratory disease

109
Q

list anatomical features specific to ferrets

A

compact muscular body with flexible spine
similar to cat in different proportions
anal scent glands

110
Q

what is assessed in ferrets?

A 
alert and inquisitive mentation
pulse
RR
MM
rectal temperature
hydration
111
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising ferrets?

A

cat cage but secure all escape routes
below 30 degrees
away from prey

112
Q

what is nutrition requirements for ferrets in hospital?

A

normal diet and similar bowls to home
feline critical care diet
dont fast as cause hypoglycaemia

113
Q

how are bloods taken from ferrets?

A 
under GA
jugular
lateral saphenous
cephalic
cranial vena cava
114
Q

how are medications given to ferrets?

A

SC in scruff
IM to thigh or lumbar
IV
oral

115
Q

how are fluids administered to ferrets?

A

oral
SC
IP
IV

116
Q

what is maintenance for ferrets fluids?

A

100ml/kg/day

117
Q

what are common medical problems seen in ferrets?

A 
persistent oestrus
adrenal disease
lymphoma
insulinoma
IBD
dental disease
influenza
118
Q

how is persistent oestrus resolved in ferrets?

A

hormones

mate with neutered male

119
Q

what is the consequence of persistent oestrus in ferrets?

A

high oestrogen supresses bone marrow causing severe anaemia

120
Q

what is the affect of spaying ferrets?

A

adrenal hypertrophy and disease due to gonads inhibiting adrenal glands

121
Q

what are common conditions seen in african pygmy hedgehogs?

A 
dental disease
obesity
wobbly hedgehog syndrome
renal disease
tumours
122
Q

what is included in pre op assessment of small mammals?

A

thorough exam to check for hidden illness
check respiration and CV
record accurate weight
pre-anaesthetic bloods

123
Q

how are small mammals prepped for surgery?

A

prepare for things going wrong as little room for error, including IV placed, warmers, fluids, pre-oxygenation
clip skin gently and small area to reduce heat loss

124
Q

how are small mammals supported under GA?

A 
prevent heat loss
intubate to secure airway
manual monitoring to prevent machine error
raise chest
mechanical ventilation as needed
125
Q

how is post op haemorrhage prevented in small mammals?

A

monitor HR, MM, pulses for shock or internal bleeding
maintain IV
monitor wounds

126
Q

how is temperature in recovery managed in small mammals?

A

incubator or heat pad
monitor rectal temperature
prevent overheating

127
Q

how can hypoglycaemia be prevented in recovery in small mammals?

A

encourage to eat

monitor glucose

128
Q

how can you prevent gut stasis in small mammals in surgery recovery?

A

encourage eating as soon as possible
prokinetics, ranitidine
analgesia
monitor for droppings

129
Q

how is surgery in small mammals made easier?

A

adapted techniques from cats and dogs
use fine instruments and magnification
good haemostasis

130
Q

how are wounds sutured in small mammal surgery?

A

synthetic monofilament absorbable
buried skin sutures to prevent chewing out
tissue glue can be used

131
Q

what are radiographs and CT good for in small mammals?

A

teeth assessment

skull imaging

132
Q

why can imaging be hard in small mammals?

A

small size makes interpretation hard
free fat and fluid reduces contrast in abdomen
gas in abdomen can limit views
poor resolution

133
Q

what are ultrasounds good for assessing in small mammals?

A

bladder
masses
GI status

134
Q

what are common surgical procedures in small mammals?

A 
neutering
lump removal 
GI obstruction
liver lobe torsion
dentistry
135
Q

what can contribute to malocclusion in small mammals?

A

lack of grass to wear down
calcium affects formation of teeth
breeding

136
Q

describe what is looked for in dental exams in small mammals

A 
weight loss
ptyalism
swellings on mandible
otoscope looking at teeth
skull radiographs
137
Q

how can dental problems in small mammals be treated?

A

dental burr to wear down and reshape
correct diet
hard to cure malocclusion

138
Q

what is included in reptiles pre op assessments?

A

clinical exam
faecal and blood screens
monitoring temperature

139
Q

how are reptiles supported under GA?

A

IPPV or ventilator

maintain temperature

140
Q

why is anaesthetic monitoring of reptiles difficult?

A

few reflexes when at surgical depth

externally controlled respiration

141
Q

how are reptiles prepared for surgery?

A

chlorhex or iodine soak between scales
clear drapes for visualisation
positioned to minimise pressure on lungs

142
Q

how are reptiles recovered from anaesthesia?

A

gradually reduce RR
breathing stimulated by low oxygen not high CO2
monitor breathing with capnography
keep preferred temperature

143
Q

where are surgical incisions made in reptiles?

A

between scales

144
Q

how are reptile surgical wounds sutured?

A

monofilament
everting suture pattern as skin naturally inverts
removed after 4-6 weeks
can use tissue glue with sutures

145
Q

what are common surgical procedures in reptiles?

A

mass removal
ovariosalpingectomy or ovariectomy
GI obstruction
hemipenile amputation

146
Q

why is imaging reptiles useful?

A

hard to palpate to find problems

147
Q

describe basic husbandry for parrots

A 
perches from non-toxic trees
regular bathing
12 hour day night cycle
UV for vit D synthesis
enrichment
148
Q

why are seed based diets not recommended for birds?

A 
high in calories
deficient in nutrients, EAA, fibre, omega 3
poor Ca to P ratio
can have fungal contamination
encourages selective feeding
149
Q

what is the main cause of disease in birds?

A

malnutrition from poor diet

150
Q

what causes calcium and vitamin D deficiency in birds?

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

151
Q

what is the effect of hypocalcaemia in birds?

A

seizures
thin egg shells
dystocia

152
Q

how is hypocalcaemia diagnosed in birds?

A

radiography

serum ionised calcium

153
Q

how is hypocalcaemia in birds treated?

A

supplements
diet
UVB light

154
Q

what are the effects of obesity in birds?

A

hepatic lipidosis
mineralisation of arterial walls
lipoma

155
Q

what are the effects of hypovitaminosis A in birds?

A

squamous metaplasia of epithelium
secondary infection
poor feather quality
diarrhoea

156
Q

describe methods of converting birds from seed to pellets

A 
mix in with pellets and gradually reduce seeds
limit time with seeds
place pellets on mirror
hand feed
may need hospitalising
157
Q

what can cause feather damaging behaviour in birds?

A

females
boredom
medical conditions

158
Q

how is feather damaging behaviour in parrots tried to be treated?

A 
rule out medical cause
pellet diet
increase humidity
maximum 12 hours light
destress
improve ventilation
159
Q

what are considerations for hospitalising birds?

A

often critical as hide illness
history
bring pictures of environment

160
Q

list signs of illness in birds?

A 
sick bird syndrome
change in water and food intake
vomiting
abnormal behaviour
open mouth breathing
discharge
abnormal stance
straining
change in excretions
161
Q

how should birds be handled?

A

support body with wings under control

dont restrict sternal movement as no diaphragm to breathe

162
Q

what are considerations for clinical exam on birds?

A

may need to stabilise or GA before
diagnostic tests important
get weight and BCS

163
Q

what are considerations when hospitalising birds?

A

away from predators
perches and appropriate substrate
access to food and water

164
Q

how are sick birds managed?

A 
keep environment at 30 degrees
normal diet
weigh daily 
nursing care
barrier nursing
manage hygiene
separate wild from pets
165
Q

how are sick birds treated generally?

A

crop tubing
flush sinuses for respiratory tract infections
nebulisation for respiratory disease
injections

166
Q

how is crop tubing done in birds?

A

use largest tube
extend neck and pass into left side of mouth into oesophagus
palpate right base of neck to confirm in crop
feed every 2-8 hours with food at 38-40 degrees

167
Q

list injection sites in birds

A

SC to inguinal fold, intrascapular region
IM to distal third pectoral
IV jugular, ulnar, basilic, metatarsal veins
IO to ulna or tibiotarsus

168
Q

what is maintenance fluids for birds?

A

50-100ml/kg/day

169
Q

how are birds fluids managed?

A

assume all sick are 5-10% dehydrated
maintenance and half deficit day 1
rest of deficit and maintenance over 2-3 days

170
Q

how are fluids administered to birds?

A

oral
SC
IV
IO

171
Q

how are bloods taken from birds?

A

easier under GA
right jugular
basilic
median metatarsal vein

172
Q

what is maximum blood that can be taken from birds?

A

1% BW if healthy, less if sick

173
Q

what is feather moulting in birds?

A

moult annually after breeding season
new feathers with blood supply grow
old feathers blood supply regresses and feather unfurls from sheath

174
Q

why is wing clipping not reccomended?

A

sternal injury if crash land
physiological problems
can still glide
needs to be bilateral

175
Q

how are microchips placed in birds?

A

3rd pectoral
direct down
tissue glue to close skin

176
Q

how are birds euthanised?

A

under gaseous GA
IV to jugular, wing or median tarsal vein
injection into liver

177
Q

what are examples of diagnostic procedures in birds?

A 
radiography
bloods
PCR
culture and cytology
faecal parasitology
endoscopy
biopsy
post mortem
178
Q

how is radiography performed in birds?

A

right lateral and ventrodorsal standard views
under GA
barium contrast for GIT and coelom investigation

179
Q

what can endoscopy used for in birds?

A 
cloaca
sexing
lungs
air sacs
kidney
GIT 
gonads
180
Q

how are birds stabilised before anaesthesia?

A 
IVFT 
crop tubing
25-30 degrees to reduce metabolic demand
analgesia
short fasting
181
Q

why in inhalational anaesthesia used in birds?

A

fast induction and recovery

182
Q

what are the benefits of intubation for birds under anaesthesia?

A

provide airway
reduce dead space
protect aspiration
IPPV

183
Q

what are potential complications following intubating birds?

A

pressure necrosis if cuffed
tracheal damage
strictures

184
Q

how is birds temperature supported in surgery?

A

heat source
low GA time
warm and humidified gases
warmed fluids

185
Q

describe how to position birds for surgery

A

lateral recumbency

186
Q

why are masks not used for induction in water fowl?

A

stimulates dive reflex causing bradycardia and apnoea

187
Q

what are the benefits of air sac perfusion anaesthesia in birds?

A

good for head surgery or tracheal obstruction

can leave 3-5 days

188
Q

how is air sac perfusion tubes placed in birds?

A

drip tube or ETT with holes in side into left caudal airspace
behind last rib

189
Q

list anaesthetic monitoring for birds

A 
withdrawal, corneal, palpebral reflexes
HR
temperature
capnography
pulse oximetry
BP
190
Q

list some complications of birds in surgery

A

hypoventilation
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
apnoea

191
Q

how are respiratory complications in birds during surgery managed?

A

apnoea- reduce anaesthesia and provide oxygen, check ETT patency
IPPV if RR less than 4

192
Q

how are birds recovered from anaesthesia?

A 
100% oxygen ventilation
IVFT
extubate when breathing well and swallowing
keep warm
encourage eating quickly
193
Q

what can cause slow recovery in birds?

A 
pre-anaesthetic meds
hypothermia
hypovolaemia
hypoglycaemia
haemorrhage
pain
194
Q

list common zoonotic diseases in birds

A 
chlamydia psittaci
salmonellosis
campylobacteriosis
aspergillosis
avian influenza
195
Q

how are zoonoses in birds prevented?

A

good hygiene

PPE

196
Q

what are signs of chlamydia psittaci in birds and humans?

A

birds- conjunctivitis, respiratory signs, hepatopathy

humans- flu like, pneumonia, death

197
Q

what are common causes of GIT disease in birds?

A 
infection
heavy metal toxicity
malnutrition
obstruction
crop impaction
198
Q

what is looked for in clinical exams of birds with GIT disease?

A 
weight and BCS
dysphagia
crop abnormality
vomiting and regurgitation
defecation
199
Q

how are GIT diseases diagnosed in birds?

A 
faecal smears
crop wash
culture and sensitivity
PCR and serology
radiography and contrast
endoscopy
200
Q

list some causes of respiratory disease in birds?

A 
obstruction
inhaled toxins
infection
hypersensitivity
dyspnoea
201
Q

what is observed for in birds with respiratory disease?

A 
discharge
swellings
conjunctivitis
sneezing
check URT
cough 
dyspnoea
weight loss
cyanosis
202
Q

how are respiratory diseases in birds diagnosed?

A 
haematology
radiography
PCR and serology
culture and cytology
endoscopy
biopsy
post mortem
203
Q

how are respiratory diseases in birds treated?

A

rule out chlamydia psittaci
nebulise
air sac tube if obstruction

204
Q

what are common reproductive diseases in birds?

A

egg binding

egg yolk coelomitis

205
Q

what predisposes birds to egg binding?

A

malnutrition
hypocalcaemia
obesity
excess egg production

206
Q

what problems are caused by egg binding in birds?

A

metabolic disturbance and shock due to compression of pelvic and renal vasculature

207
Q

list clinical signs of egg binding in birds

A 
depression 
lethargy
weakness
reduced activity
straining
dyspnoea
coelomic distension
low frequency of defecation
208
Q

how is egg binding in birds diagnosed?

A

history
palpable egg
radiography
ionised calcium on biochemistry

209
Q

how is egg binding in birds treated?

A 
IVFT
nutritional support
lubrication and manual manipulation
ovocentesis and egg collapse
surgical removal
210
Q

what is egg yolk coelomitis in birds?

A

yolk released into coelomic cavity causing inflammation and secondary infection

211
Q

how are fractures in birds treated?

A 
immobilisation
wings with figure 8 bandage or body wrap
splint legs
heal fast
maintain joint function

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions