Exotic nursing Flashcards

Question

how can you prevent spread of dermatophytosis?

Answer 1

wear gloves | wash hands well

Answer 2

gaseous or injectable anaesthetic

Answer 3

IV to ear vein or cranial vena cava | injection into kidney or liver

Answer 4

IV to tail vein or jugular injection into liver or heart destroy spinal cord with needle

Answer 5

IV to jugular or tibiotarsal | into liver

Answer 6

anaesthetic in water pentobarbitone injection sever spinal cord behind gill cover

Answer 7

``` light skeleton powerful hindlegs can cause damage nasal breathers larynx hard to visualise for intubation open rooted teeth cant vomit coprophagic open inguinal ring so need closed castration 2 cervices prominent forward eyes ```

Answer 8

``` posture HR RR temperature weight droppings ```

Answer 9

``` secure non-slip floor cool to prevent heat stress no predators near normal food and water can keep with bonded pair ```

Answer 10

lateral saphenous marginal ear vein cephalic jugular

Answer 11

``` syringe into side of cheek SC IM quads IV ear vein shampoo cream ```

Answer 12

naturally hide pain quiet grinding teeth grimace scale

Answer 13

crystalloids to correct imbalance | colloids to bring up BP

Answer 14

100ml/kg/24hrs | 4ml/kg/hr

Answer 15

IV marginal ear vein or cephalic | SC

Answer 16

stressful | prevent coprophagia

Answer 17

1ml syringe feeding so easy to eat without spitting | feed finely ground grass based food as still need long chain fibre

Answer 18

mites fleas coccidia worms

Answer 19

anorexia absence of droppings bloated abdomen abdominal pain

Answer 20

pain stress wrong diet concurrent disease

Answer 21

``` analgesia IVFT prokinetics syringe feeding encourage eating find and treat underlying cause ```

Answer 22

``` less than 5- pathology, inappetance 5-10 normal 10-15- stress, pain 15-20- significant pain over 20- GI obstruction ```

Answer 23

``` GI stasis GI obstruction liver lobe torsion dental disease diarrhoea ```

Answer 24

difficulty breathing | open mouth breathing

Answer 25

snuffles pneumonia neoplasia

Answer 26

``` renal disease dental pain bladder infection, stone, neoplasia back pain e cuniculi ```

Answer 27

head tilt and circling | e cuniculi

Answer 28

parasite effecting kidneys and CNS

Answer 29

shed in urine | eat infected urine on grass

Answer 30

``` head tilt ataxia hindlimb weakness urinary incontinence renal failure cataracts ```

Answer 31

fenbendazole

Answer 32

``` mites flystrike abscesses pododermatitis otitis ```

Answer 33

``` no caecotrophy so collects on back end too much carbs obesity so cant reach dental disease back pain ```

Answer 34

biting insects | direct contact

Answer 35

swelling around eyes and genitals | ocular discharge

Answer 36

fomites | direct contact

Answer 37

sudden death | haemorrhage from nose, mouth, anus

Answer 38

``` birds hedgehogs bats foxes badgers deer ```

Answer 39

alleviate pain restore so can be returned to wild and survive reduce impacts on wild life caused by humans species conservation

Answer 40

make sure they actually need rescuing own safety first minimise stress to animal

Answer 41

cant release animals if wont survive or likely to have complications

Answer 42

adv- healthy but wouldnt survive in wild, breed rare species | disadv- affects quality of life, increased stress

Answer 43

constant exchange between fish and water so good quality water means healthy fish

Answer 44

phenoxethanol or MS222 tricane methane LA with systemic effect depth depends on amount of agent in water and how long left in to recover place in fresh water

Answer 45

``` mucus scrapings for parasites gill and fin preparations bacteriology bloods radiography ultrasound ```

Answer 46

adv- injections last long due to slow metabolism, topical good disadv- in pond kills bacteria, in pond and food inaccurate

Answer 47

septicaemia | trauma

Answer 48

``` GA debridement iodine cleaning antibiotics correct underlying disease ```

Answer 49

check water quality can quarantine affected fish change 30% water to dilute toxins improve aeration

Answer 50

``` polikotherms so need good temperature nocturnal UV light for calcium metabolism good water quality high humidity ```

Answer 51

skin infections chytridiomycosis foreign bodies metabolic bone disease

Answer 52

shedding issues mites nematodes trauma

Answer 53

``` exotherms inflexible skin covered in scales shed skin as grow bony shell in chelonia contains vessels and nerves no diaphragm coelom is single body cavity ```

Answer 54

``` weight RR excretions activity shedding environmental temperature ```

Answer 55

environmental temperature control heated tank or vivarium tortoise table

Answer 56

ventral tail vein snakes- ventral tail vein, cardiocentesis tortoise- jugular, subvertebral relies on landmarks as hard to palpate

Answer 57

``` topical oral deep SC IM to back legs IV IO ```

Answer 58

``` soaking oral intracoelomic SC IV IO ```

Answer 59

10-30ml/kg/day

Answer 60

stomach or oesophagostomy tube prevent refeeding syndrome electrolytes and AA

Answer 61

worms coccidia ticks mites

Answer 62

``` anorexia impaction metabolic bone disease scale or shell rot trauma abscess retained shell renal disease dysecdysis ```

Answer 63

imbalance of C and PO | lack of vitamin D

Answer 64

shell deformity fractures rubber jaw seizures

Answer 65

UV light | Ca and vitamin D supplements

Answer 66

remove whole capsule as solid so cant drain

Answer 67

poor husbandry lack of humidity retention of spectacles, around toes, mouth and eyes

Answer 68

provide humidity shedding chamber ease of shed

Answer 69

myomorphs have closed rooted molars hysricomorphs have open rooted molars all have continually growing incisors

Answer 70

``` eating drinking droppings weight RR HR but hard as so rapid ```

Answer 71

``` keep away from predators keep below 21 degrees to prevent heat stress escape proof suitable diet hide areas ```

Answer 72

tail vein lateral saphenous cranial vena cava

Answer 73

1ml/100g max | usually 0.5ml/100g

Answer 74

``` oral SC IM but little muscle IV topical ```

Answer 75

high metabolic rate

Answer 76

100ml/kg/day

Answer 77

SC oral intraperitoneal

Answer 78

``` mites bite wounds abscesses ringworm respiratory problems tumours fractures ```

Answer 79

respiratory infections | mammary masses

Answer 80

``` ingrown incisors cheek pouch impactions wet tail demodex skin cancer pyometra ```

Answer 81

``` dental disease mites urolithiasis pregnancy toxaemia cystic ovaries ```

Answer 82

dental disease | respiratory disease

Answer 83

compact muscular body with flexible spine similar to cat in different proportions anal scent glands

Answer 84

``` alert and inquisitive mentation pulse RR MM rectal temperature hydration ```

Answer 85

cat cage but secure all escape routes below 30 degrees away from prey

Answer 86

normal diet and similar bowls to home feline critical care diet dont fast as cause hypoglycaemia

Answer 87

``` under GA jugular lateral saphenous cephalic cranial vena cava ```

Answer 88

SC in scruff IM to thigh or lumbar IV oral

Answer 89

oral SC IP IV

Answer 90

100ml/kg/day

Answer 91

``` persistent oestrus adrenal disease lymphoma insulinoma IBD dental disease influenza ```

Answer 92

hormones | mate with neutered male

Answer 93

high oestrogen supresses bone marrow causing severe anaemia

Answer 94

adrenal hypertrophy and disease due to gonads inhibiting adrenal glands

Answer 95

``` dental disease obesity wobbly hedgehog syndrome renal disease tumours ```

Answer 96

thorough exam to check for hidden illness check respiration and CV record accurate weight pre-anaesthetic bloods

Answer 97

prepare for things going wrong as little room for error, including IV placed, warmers, fluids, pre-oxygenation clip skin gently and small area to reduce heat loss

Answer 98

``` prevent heat loss intubate to secure airway manual monitoring to prevent machine error raise chest mechanical ventilation as needed ```

Answer 99

monitor HR, MM, pulses for shock or internal bleeding maintain IV monitor wounds

Answer 100

incubator or heat pad monitor rectal temperature prevent overheating

Answer 101

encourage to eat | monitor glucose

Answer 102

encourage eating as soon as possible prokinetics, ranitidine analgesia monitor for droppings

Answer 103

adapted techniques from cats and dogs use fine instruments and magnification good haemostasis

Answer 104

synthetic monofilament absorbable buried skin sutures to prevent chewing out tissue glue can be used

Answer 105

teeth assessment | skull imaging

Answer 106

small size makes interpretation hard free fat and fluid reduces contrast in abdomen gas in abdomen can limit views poor resolution

Answer 107

bladder masses GI status

Answer 108

``` neutering lump removal GI obstruction liver lobe torsion dentistry ```

Answer 109

lack of grass to wear down calcium affects formation of teeth breeding

Answer 110

``` weight loss ptyalism swellings on mandible otoscope looking at teeth skull radiographs ```

Answer 111

dental burr to wear down and reshape correct diet hard to cure malocclusion

Answer 112

clinical exam faecal and blood screens monitoring temperature

Answer 113

IPPV or ventilator | maintain temperature

Answer 114

few reflexes when at surgical depth | externally controlled respiration

Answer 115

chlorhex or iodine soak between scales clear drapes for visualisation positioned to minimise pressure on lungs

Answer 116

gradually reduce RR breathing stimulated by low oxygen not high CO2 monitor breathing with capnography keep preferred temperature

Answer 117

between scales

Answer 118

monofilament everting suture pattern as skin naturally inverts removed after 4-6 weeks can use tissue glue with sutures

Answer 119

mass removal ovariosalpingectomy or ovariectomy GI obstruction hemipenile amputation

Answer 120

hard to palpate to find problems

Answer 121

``` perches from non-toxic trees regular bathing 12 hour day night cycle UV for vit D synthesis enrichment ```

Answer 122

``` high in calories deficient in nutrients, EAA, fibre, omega 3 poor Ca to P ratio can have fungal contamination encourages selective feeding ```

Answer 123

malnutrition from poor diet

Answer 124

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 125

seizures thin egg shells dystocia

Answer 126

radiography | serum ionised calcium

Answer 127

supplements diet UVB light

Answer 128

hepatic lipidosis mineralisation of arterial walls lipoma

Answer 129

squamous metaplasia of epithelium secondary infection poor feather quality diarrhoea

Answer 130

``` mix in with pellets and gradually reduce seeds limit time with seeds place pellets on mirror hand feed may need hospitalising ```

Answer 131

females boredom medical conditions

Answer 132

``` rule out medical cause pellet diet increase humidity maximum 12 hours light destress improve ventilation ```

Answer 133

often critical as hide illness history bring pictures of environment

Answer 134

``` sick bird syndrome change in water and food intake vomiting abnormal behaviour open mouth breathing discharge abnormal stance straining change in excretions ```

Answer 135

support body with wings under control | dont restrict sternal movement as no diaphragm to breathe

Answer 136

may need to stabilise or GA before diagnostic tests important get weight and BCS

Answer 137

away from predators perches and appropriate substrate access to food and water

Answer 138

``` keep environment at 30 degrees normal diet weigh daily nursing care barrier nursing manage hygiene separate wild from pets ```

Answer 139

crop tubing flush sinuses for respiratory tract infections nebulisation for respiratory disease injections

Answer 140

use largest tube extend neck and pass into left side of mouth into oesophagus palpate right base of neck to confirm in crop feed every 2-8 hours with food at 38-40 degrees

Answer 141

SC to inguinal fold, intrascapular region IM to distal third pectoral IV jugular, ulnar, basilic, metatarsal veins IO to ulna or tibiotarsus

Answer 142

50-100ml/kg/day

Answer 143

assume all sick are 5-10% dehydrated maintenance and half deficit day 1 rest of deficit and maintenance over 2-3 days

Answer 144

oral SC IV IO

Answer 145

easier under GA right jugular basilic median metatarsal vein

Answer 146

1% BW if healthy, less if sick

Answer 147

moult annually after breeding season new feathers with blood supply grow old feathers blood supply regresses and feather unfurls from sheath

Answer 148

sternal injury if crash land physiological problems can still glide needs to be bilateral

Answer 149

3rd pectoral direct down tissue glue to close skin

Answer 150

under gaseous GA IV to jugular, wing or median tarsal vein injection into liver

Answer 151

``` radiography bloods PCR culture and cytology faecal parasitology endoscopy biopsy post mortem ```

Answer 152

right lateral and ventrodorsal standard views under GA barium contrast for GIT and coelom investigation

Answer 153

``` cloaca sexing lungs air sacs kidney GIT gonads ```

Answer 154

``` IVFT crop tubing 25-30 degrees to reduce metabolic demand analgesia short fasting ```

Answer 155

fast induction and recovery

Answer 156

provide airway reduce dead space protect aspiration IPPV

Answer 157

pressure necrosis if cuffed tracheal damage strictures

Answer 158

heat source low GA time warm and humidified gases warmed fluids

Answer 159

lateral recumbency

Answer 160

stimulates dive reflex causing bradycardia and apnoea

Answer 161

good for head surgery or tracheal obstruction | can leave 3-5 days

Answer 162

drip tube or ETT with holes in side into left caudal airspace behind last rib

Answer 163

``` withdrawal, corneal, palpebral reflexes HR temperature capnography pulse oximetry BP ```

Answer 164

hypoventilation hypothermia hypoglycaemia apnoea

Answer 165

apnoea- reduce anaesthesia and provide oxygen, check ETT patency IPPV if RR less than 4

Answer 166

``` 100% oxygen ventilation IVFT extubate when breathing well and swallowing keep warm encourage eating quickly ```

Answer 167

``` pre-anaesthetic meds hypothermia hypovolaemia hypoglycaemia haemorrhage pain ```

Answer 168

``` chlamydia psittaci salmonellosis campylobacteriosis aspergillosis avian influenza ```

Answer 169

good hygiene | PPE

Answer 170

birds- conjunctivitis, respiratory signs, hepatopathy | humans- flu like, pneumonia, death

Answer 171

``` infection heavy metal toxicity malnutrition obstruction crop impaction ```

Answer 172

``` weight and BCS dysphagia crop abnormality vomiting and regurgitation defecation ```

Answer 173

``` faecal smears crop wash culture and sensitivity PCR and serology radiography and contrast endoscopy ```

Answer 174

``` obstruction inhaled toxins infection hypersensitivity dyspnoea ```

Answer 175

``` discharge swellings conjunctivitis sneezing check URT cough dyspnoea weight loss cyanosis ```

Answer 176

``` haematology radiography PCR and serology culture and cytology endoscopy biopsy post mortem ```

Answer 177

rule out chlamydia psittaci nebulise air sac tube if obstruction

Answer 178

egg binding | egg yolk coelomitis

Answer 179

malnutrition hypocalcaemia obesity excess egg production

Answer 180

metabolic disturbance and shock due to compression of pelvic and renal vasculature

Answer 181

``` depression lethargy weakness reduced activity straining dyspnoea coelomic distension low frequency of defecation ```

Answer 182

history palpable egg radiography ionised calcium on biochemistry

Answer 183

``` IVFT nutritional support lubrication and manual manipulation ovocentesis and egg collapse surgical removal ```

Answer 184

yolk released into coelomic cavity causing inflammation and secondary infection

Answer 185

``` immobilisation wings with figure 8 bandage or body wrap splint legs heal fast maintain joint function ```