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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

define gene loci

A

defined positions of the gene on the chromosome

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2
Q

define autosomal chromosomes

A

chromosomes that arent X or Y

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3
Q

what is meant by linked genes?

A

genes close together on chromosomes

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4
Q

what is meant by sex linked genes?

A

genes on sex chromosomes

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5
Q

define allele

A

alternative forms of genes with same locus

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6
Q

what are the different forms of alleles?

A

dominant
recessive
co-dominant

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7
Q

define epistasis

A

non-allelic gene interaction

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8
Q

what causes incomplete penetrance?

A

genes being blocked by other genes

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9
Q

what leads to variable expressivity of genes?

A

genes being modified by other genes

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10
Q

what is significant about manx cats genes?

A

variable expression and lethal genes due to mutation causing short tails

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11
Q

what does the M allele cause in manx cats?

A

absence of tail

affects spine and cord, continence and control of back legs

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12
Q

what is the characteristic of M allele in manx cats?

A

high but variable penetrance

lethal gene

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13
Q

what does the presence of Mm or MM genes mean for manx cats?

A

Mm- defected tail of variable length

MM- die in utero

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14
Q

how should you reduce problems in manx cats?

A

avoid breeding tailless cats together or any affected cats

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15
Q

how is coat colour in labradors determined?

A

epistatic interactions of Ee and Bb genes

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16
Q

what does the Ee gene in labradors determine?

A

presence of eumelanin
E- has pigment
e- doesn’t have pigment

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17
Q

what does the Bb gene in labradors determine?

A

pigment concentration of eumelanin
B- presents black
b- presents brown

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18
Q

what colours of labradors are seen with each combination of Ee and Bb genes?

A

eebb- yellow fur, brown nose, lips and eye rims
eeB_- yellow fur, black nose, lips and eye rims
E_bb- chocolate fur, nose, lips, eye rims
E_B_- black fur, nose, lips, eye rims

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19
Q

what are the features of genes for tortoise shell cats?

A

sex linked and epistatic effects

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20
Q

what causes tortoise shell colouring?

A

fur being mix of ginger and black tabby

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21
Q

what is significant for orange fur gene?

A

sex linked to females

epistatic to autosomal black and tabby genes

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22
Q

describe how fur colour is determines in tortoise shell cats

A

they are heterozygous for orange gene with one X having orange colour/X^O and the other not having it/X^-
in each cell one X is randomly turned off so hair is colour of turned on gene

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23
Q

why does MDR1 dominant mutation affect drug sensitivity?

A

affects P glycoprotein involved in transport across BBB and excretion so drugs build up and potentially become toxic

24
Q

what breeds are prone to MDR1 mutation?

A

herding dogs

25
Q

what drugs are affected by MDR1 mutation?

A

ivermectin
milbemycin
selamectin

26
Q

why do greyhounds take longer to recover from anaesthesia?

A

gene mutation for expression of cytochrome P450 which is responsible for anaesthesia clearance

27
Q

define antigenicity

A

likelihood immune system will react and make antibodies against a substance

28
Q

what is responsible for antigenicity in dog blood types?

A

genetically determined markers on RBC surfac

29
Q

what are DEAs?

A

red cell surface antigens

30
Q

what are most dog patients blood types?

A

DEA positive

31
Q

what determines if dogs are DEA positive or negative?

A

variation of density of DEA 1 on RBC surface

32
Q

what should be done before giving dogs blood?

A

cross matching

33
Q

what blood type should you give to dogs if blood type unknown and why?

A

DEA negative to prevent reactions

34
Q

what determines cat blood types?

A

one gene locus

35
Q

what are the possible alleles for cat blood type and how do they relate to each other?

A

A- dominant
B- recessive
AB- recessive to A, co-dominant to B

36
Q

what is the prevalence of each cat blood type?

A

95% A
5% B
less than 1% AB

37
Q

why is it vital to cross match or blood type cats before transfusing?

A

high amounts of naturally occurring antibodies against other blood types

38
Q

describe how neonatal isoeryhtrolysis happens

A

type B cat mates with type A tom so type A kitten receives antibodies in colostrum which can be fatal

39
Q

how can neonatal isoerythrolysis be prevented?

A

blood type toms before mating

40
Q

what is the purpose of screening programs?

A

provide recommendations for suitability of breeding

41
Q

what is the purpose of the hip scheme?

A

address hip dysplasia

42
Q

how is hip screening done?

A

VD radiographs of pelvis and femurs judged and scored out of 53
lower the score the better
combined with health assessment to calculate breeding value

43
Q

what is the purpose of the elbow scheme?

A

address elbow dysplasia

44
Q

how is elbow screening done?

A

mediolateral radiographs of each elbow
judged and scored 0-3
used to calculate breeding value

45
Q

what is the purpose of the eye scheme?

A

screen for 12 hereditary eye conditions in 65 breeds throughout breeding life

46
Q

define chiari malformation

A

fault in skull development causing brain to protrude out of back of skull

47
Q

define syringomyelia

A

one or more fluid filled pockets that may develop in spinal cord called syrinxes

48
Q

how is CM/SM screened for?

A

MRI graded

tested once over 1 year old

49
Q

how do you grade respiratory function?

A

listening to breathing while calm then after 3 minutes exercise
graded 0-3

50
Q

what is seen in grade 0 respiratory function?

A

clinically unaffected

free of respiratory signs of BOAS

51
Q

what is seen in grade 1 respiratory function?

A

clinically unaffected but mild respiratory signs

52
Q

what is seen in grade 2 respiratory function?

A

clinically affected
moderate respiratory signs of BOAS
monitor as may need vet attention

53
Q

what is seen in grade 3 respiratory function?

A

clinically affected
severe respiratory signs of BOAS
need vet treatment
dont breed from

54
Q

what is assessed in heart scheme for CKCS?

A

murmur grade and mitral valve prolapse 0-3

risk of developing MVP and passing on to offspring

55
Q

what is the main way to genetically test cats?

A

cheek swabs

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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