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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

define gene loci

A

defined positions of the gene on the chromosome

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2
Q

define autosomal chromosomes

A

chromosomes that arent X or Y

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3
Q

what is meant by linked genes?

A

genes close together on chromosomes

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4
Q

what is meant by sex linked genes?

A

genes on sex chromosomes

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5
Q

define allele

A

alternative forms of genes with same locus

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6
Q

what are the different forms of alleles?

A

dominant
recessive
co-dominant

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7
Q

define epistasis

A

non-allelic gene interaction

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8
Q

what causes incomplete penetrance?

A

genes being blocked by other genes

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9
Q

what leads to variable expressivity of genes?

A

genes being modified by other genes

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10
Q

what is significant about manx cats genes?

A

variable expression and lethal genes due to mutation causing short tails

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11
Q

what does the M allele cause in manx cats?

A

absence of tail

affects spine and cord, continence and control of back legs

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12
Q

what is the characteristic of M allele in manx cats?

A

high but variable penetrance

lethal gene

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13
Q

what does the presence of Mm or MM genes mean for manx cats?

A

Mm- defected tail of variable length

MM- die in utero

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14
Q

how should you reduce problems in manx cats?

A

avoid breeding tailless cats together or any affected cats

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15
Q

how is coat colour in labradors determined?

A

epistatic interactions of Ee and Bb genes

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16
Q

what does the Ee gene in labradors determine?

A

presence of eumelanin
E- has pigment
e- doesn’t have pigment

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17
Q

what does the Bb gene in labradors determine?

A

pigment concentration of eumelanin
B- presents black
b- presents brown

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18
Q

what colours of labradors are seen with each combination of Ee and Bb genes?

A

eebb- yellow fur, brown nose, lips and eye rims
eeB_- yellow fur, black nose, lips and eye rims
E_bb- chocolate fur, nose, lips, eye rims
E_B_- black fur, nose, lips, eye rims

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19
Q

what are the features of genes for tortoise shell cats?

A

sex linked and epistatic effects

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20
Q

what causes tortoise shell colouring?

A

fur being mix of ginger and black tabby

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21
Q

what is significant for orange fur gene?

A

sex linked to females

epistatic to autosomal black and tabby genes

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22
Q

describe how fur colour is determines in tortoise shell cats

A

they are heterozygous for orange gene with one X having orange colour/X^O and the other not having it/X^-
in each cell one X is randomly turned off so hair is colour of turned on gene

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23
Q

why does MDR1 dominant mutation affect drug sensitivity?

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A

affects P glycoprotein involved in transport across BBB and excretion so drugs build up and potentially become toxic

24
Q

what breeds are prone to MDR1 mutation?

25
what drugs are affected by MDR1 mutation?
ivermectin milbemycin selamectin
26
why do greyhounds take longer to recover from anaesthesia?
gene mutation for expression of cytochrome P450 which is responsible for anaesthesia clearance
27
define antigenicity
likelihood immune system will react and make antibodies against a substance
28
what is responsible for antigenicity in dog blood types?
genetically determined markers on RBC surfac
29
what are DEAs?
red cell surface antigens
30
what are most dog patients blood types?
DEA positive
31
what determines if dogs are DEA positive or negative?
variation of density of DEA 1 on RBC surface
32
what should be done before giving dogs blood?
cross matching
33
what blood type should you give to dogs if blood type unknown and why?
DEA negative to prevent reactions
34
what determines cat blood types?
one gene locus
35
what are the possible alleles for cat blood type and how do they relate to each other?
A- dominant B- recessive AB- recessive to A, co-dominant to B
36
what is the prevalence of each cat blood type?
95% A 5% B less than 1% AB
37
why is it vital to cross match or blood type cats before transfusing?
high amounts of naturally occurring antibodies against other blood types
38
describe how neonatal isoeryhtrolysis happens
type B cat mates with type A tom so type A kitten receives antibodies in colostrum which can be fatal
39
how can neonatal isoerythrolysis be prevented?
blood type toms before mating
40
what is the purpose of screening programs?
provide recommendations for suitability of breeding
41
what is the purpose of the hip scheme?
address hip dysplasia
42
how is hip screening done?
VD radiographs of pelvis and femurs judged and scored out of 53 lower the score the better combined with health assessment to calculate breeding value
43
what is the purpose of the elbow scheme?
address elbow dysplasia
44
how is elbow screening done?
mediolateral radiographs of each elbow judged and scored 0-3 used to calculate breeding value
45
what is the purpose of the eye scheme?
screen for 12 hereditary eye conditions in 65 breeds throughout breeding life
46
define chiari malformation
fault in skull development causing brain to protrude out of back of skull
47
define syringomyelia
one or more fluid filled pockets that may develop in spinal cord called syrinxes
48
how is CM/SM screened for?
MRI graded | tested once over 1 year old
49
how do you grade respiratory function?
listening to breathing while calm then after 3 minutes exercise graded 0-3
50
what is seen in grade 0 respiratory function?
clinically unaffected | free of respiratory signs of BOAS
51
what is seen in grade 1 respiratory function?
clinically unaffected but mild respiratory signs
52
what is seen in grade 2 respiratory function?
clinically affected moderate respiratory signs of BOAS monitor as may need vet attention
53
what is seen in grade 3 respiratory function?
clinically affected severe respiratory signs of BOAS need vet treatment dont breed from
54
what is assessed in heart scheme for CKCS?
murmur grade and mitral valve prolapse 0-3 | risk of developing MVP and passing on to offspring
55
what is the main way to genetically test cats?
cheek swabs

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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