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Clinical Nursing May Exam > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

define infectious

A

able to be passed from one person, animal, plant to another

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2
Q

define zoonosis

A

disease that can be passed from animals to humans

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3
Q

define reverse zoonosis

A

disease passed from humans to animals

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4
Q

define community acquired

A

disease acquired in the community

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5
Q

define nosocomial

A

disease acquired in hospital

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6
Q

define commensal

A

organism that inhibits a specific mucosal surface in the body normally and is non-pathogenic

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7
Q

define pathogenic

A

disease causing

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8
Q

what type of organisms are bacteria?

A

single celled prokaryotic

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9
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

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10
Q

list shapes of bacteria

A

coccoid- spherical
bacillus- rods
spiral

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11
Q

how are bacterial infections diagnosed?

A

organism detection by microscope or culture

demonstration of antibody

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12
Q

how are pathogenic bacteria treated?

A

antibiotics

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13
Q

how does viruses cause disease?

A

replicates in living host causing it to become virus factory and eventually cell death

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14
Q

how are viruses diagnosed?

A

PCR to demonstrate virus

demonstration of antibody

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15
Q

how are viruses treated?

A

antivirals

supportive therapy

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16
Q

describe the structure of fungi

A

multicellular eukaryotes with complex cell structures

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17
Q

define heterotrophic fungi

A

cant make their own food

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18
Q

what is significant about heterotrophic fungi?

A

rely on host for nutrients

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19
Q

how do fungi and parasites reproduce?

A

asexual or sexual

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20
Q

when do fungi typically cause infection?

A

if immunocompromised

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21
Q

how are fungal infections diagnosed?

A

organism identification by microscope, culture or DNA

antibody demonstration

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22
Q

how are fungal infections treated?

A

antifungals

often is long treatment

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23
Q

what are examples of types of parasites?

A

protozoa
ectoparasites
worms

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24
Q

describe general structure of parasites

A

eukaryotic multicellular organisms

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25
how are parasites diagnosed?
identification by microscope, gross visualisation | identifying antigens or DNA
26
how are parasites treated?
anti parasitics
27
what is the structure of protozoa?
single celled eukaryotic with complex cell structures
28
what is the normal affect caused by protozoa?
GI effects | multisystemic disease
29
what is the usual two forms of protozoa?
cyst | trophozoite
30
how are protozoa diagnosed?
organism detection by microscopy, antigens, DNA | demonstrating antibodies
31
how are protozoa treated?
antiprotozoals | some antibiotics
32
state measures for controlling spread of infection
``` PPE barrier nursing handwashing single use equipment thorough cleaning ```
33
when is cat flu most common?
over crowding or multi cat households
34
what are the main causes of cat flu which cause the most severe disease?
FHV-1 | FCV
35
what are other less common causes of cat flu?
chlamydia felis bordetella bronchiseptica secondary bacterial infection
36
what is the structure of FHV-1?
enveloped DNA virus
37
how long does FHV-1 effect cats once infected?
become latent carriers lifelong with stressful events triggering reactivation of shedding
38
when does FHV-1 transmit from cats?
4-12 days after reactivation of shedding for 1 week
39
how does FHV-1 transmit?
fomites | close contact
40
do all cats shedding FHV-1 or FCV have clinical signs?
not all
41
list clinical signs of FHV-1 shedding cats
``` conjunctivitis ocular discharge sneezing nasal discharge salivation lethargy inappetence fever ```
42
what is the structure of FCV?
non-enveloped DNA virus
43
how does infection of FCV persist in cats?
stays in oropharyngeal tissues for over a month, may last whole life in this time is shedding continually
44
what are symptoms of FCV shedding cats?
``` sneezing nasal congestion fever drooling nasal and ocular discharge mouth ulcers ```
45
how is FCV spread?
fomites close contact aerosols
46
how is cat flu transmitted?
direct or indirect contact respiratory secretions entering URT FCV in excretions as is in systemic tissues
47
how long is the incubation period for FHV-1 and FCV?
2-6 days with no clinical signs
48
what cats are most affected by FHV-1 and FCV infections?
kittens immunocompromised secondary infections present
49
how are FHV-1 and FCV diagnosed?
swabs PCR virus isolation culture
50
list nursing care for cat flu patients
keep face clean and comfortable barrier cream to prevent discharge scalding eye lube if ulcers or discharge nebulisation to loosen secretions
51
what medications may be used for patients with cat flu?
``` antivirals antibiotics if secondary infections analgesia appetite stimulants mucolytics if very thick mucus ```
52
what is the best way to give medication to cat flu patients and why?
injectable as oral may be uncomfortable
53
what are handling considerations for patients with cat flu?
dont restrain with hand under chin as may put pressure on pharyngeal inflammation moving head could cause pharyngeal obstruction if inflamed
54
what are nursing considerations for nutrition of cat flu patients?
maintain hydration and electrolytes oral food preferred, hand feeding if needed or feeding tube consider anti-emetics, analgesia and appetite stimulants
55
name some antiviral drugs that can be used to treat cat flu
famciclovir lysine recombinant feline interferon
56
when are secondary bacterial infections suspected in cats with cat flu?
thick mucous discharge
57
how is environment managed in cat flu patients?
through cleaning of fomites and cages
58
how do you clean to kill FHV-1 and FCV?
FHV-1- most disinfectants | FCV- bleach, hydrogen peroxide as resistant to most disinfectants
59
how long do FHV-1 and FCV last in environment?
FHV-1- 18 hours | FCV- up to a month
60
how should cat flu patients be managed in hospital?
isolation if clinical signs or suspected carrier ideally only one staff member in contact barrier nursing good hygiene
61
what ways are there to prevent cat flu?
vaccination immunity population management
62
how do vaccines prevent cat flu?
core vaccines mostly protect so reduces severity and incidence
63
what type of vaccines are used for cat flu?
live attenuated | inactivated
64
what is the protocol for vaccinating against cat flu?
6-8 weeks old every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks every 1-3 years queen before mating
65
how is immunity against cat flu achieved?
local humoral cell mediated colostrum gives 6-16 weeks protection with MDA
66
what population management measures can reduce incidence of cat flu?
minimise stress quarantine new arrivals to multi cat households for 3-4 weeks to give chance to show signs if asymptomatic dont breed if clinically affected
67
what is highly virulent calicivirus?
virulent systemic disease
68
what are signs of highly virulent calicivirus?
``` ulcers crusting alopecia oedema pulmonary oedema pleural effusion icterus vomiting diarrhoea ```
69
what are signs of severe highly virulent calici virus?
``` pyrexia anorexia lethargy weight loss death ```
70
state the two forms of chlamydia felis?
elementary body | reticulate body
71
what is chlamydia felis?
obligate intracellular bacteria
72
what is the difference between the elementary and reticulate body form of chlamydia felis?
elementary- infectious form | reticulate- non-infectious form
73
how does elementary become reticulate body of chlamydia felis?
attaches to host epithelial cells internalised to inclusion morphs to reticulate body
74
how is elementary form of chlamydia felis transmitted?
direct contact mainly but can survive few days in environment
75
how does reticulate become elementary body of chlamydia felis?
replicates in host cells matures into EB released from cell causing damage to host
76
what is the incubation period for chlamydia felis?
2-5 days
77
how does chlamydia felis present?
feline conjunctivitis | URT signs
78
how is chlamydia felis diagnosed?
PCR from conjunctiva swab
79
how is chlamydia felis treated?
oral doxycycline for 4 weeks, at least 2 weeks past clinical resolution nursing hygiene non-core vaccine
80
what type of bacteria is bordetelle bronchiseptica?
aerobic gram negative cocco-bacilli
81
where is bordetella bronchiseptica most prevalant?
high density populations
82
how long does bordetella bronchiseptica survive in the environment?
10 days | killed by most disinfectants
83
how is bordetella bronchiseptica transmitted?
airborne fomites infected water
84
how long is incubation period of bordetella bronchiseptica?
2-10 days
85
what is the effect of respiratory colonisation of bordetella bronchiseptica?
inflammation mucus production impairs host defence so prone to secondary infections
86
what are signs of bordetella bronchiseptica infection?
URT infection sneezing mucus nasal discharge harsh cough
87
how is bordetella bronchiseptica diagnosed?
culture and sensitivity and PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage
88
how is bordetella bronchiseptica treated?
doxycycline when needed for 1-4 weeks | non-core vaccine
89
what is the structure of FIV and FeLV?
enveloped RNA virus | retrovirus
90
what is meant by retrovirus
viral RNA is reverse transcribed in cell to proviral DNA
91
how is FIV and FeLV treated?
home management | supportive management
92
what supportive management measures should be in place for FIV and FeLV?
``` good hydration and nutrition manage manifestations of disease may use antivirals regular health checks give core vaccines ```
93
what home management measures should be in place for FIV and FeLV?
indoors to prevent transmission and limit risk of opportunistic infections separate positive and negative cats no hunting or raw food as susceptible to bacteria
94
how long do cats with FIV typically live?
normal life length
95
how is FIV transmitted?
bite wounds saliva mother to kittens infected blood products
96
what is signalment for FIV?
fighters outdoor cats older cats males
97
what is the general infection period for FIV?
lifelong with long asymptomatic period
98
what are the 3 phases of infection of FIV?
acute asymptomatic terminal
99
what is the acute phase of FIV infection?
replicates in local lymphoid tissue peak viraemia 8-12 post infection some mild illness
100
define viraemia
viral replication
101
what is the asymptomatic phase of FIV infection?
impaired lymphocyte response to infectious agents as attacks CD4+ cells may last lifetime but normally months to years
102
what is the terminal phase of FIV infection?
progression from asymptomatic phase where become highly susceptible to other disease
103
what are clinical signs of FIV?
``` skin infection carcinoma skin or ocular lesions anaemia secondary infection ```
104
how is FIV diagnosed?
detection of antibodies against FIV
105
what does positive FIV test result mean?
FIV infection unless vaccinated as produces same antibodies or kitten as may still have maternal antibodies confirm with different method
106
when are false negative results for FIV possible?
early disease terminal disease as antibodies impaired kittens with rapidly progressing disease
107
if negative FIV test result but disease is suspected what should you do?
recheck after 2 months | PCR blood for FIV
108
when should you test for FIV?
``` known exposure rehoming to multi cat household before blood screening before vaccinating against FIV seropositive kittens once 6 months to confirm ```
109
how is FIV prevented?
vaccinate for some protection in seronegative cats
110
what is the prognosis for cats with FIV when sick and healthy?
sick- less than a year healthy- normal life usually euthanasia if other infection compromises health
111
why if FeLV more strongly associated with clinical disease than FIV?
more pathogenic
112
how is FeLV transmitted?
``` allogrooming fomites prolonged oronasal salivary exposure mother to kittens infected blood products ```
113
what is signalment for FeLV?
close contact cats outdoor young cats unvaccinated
114
what is the result of strong immune response to FeLV infection?
abortive infection so becomes immune
115
what are signs of initial FeLV infection?
non-specific- inappetence, pyrexia, lethargy
116
what is the result of immune system failing to respond to FeLV infection?
haematogenous spread around the body
117
how is regressive infection of FeLV achieved once spread is haematogenous or in bone marrow?
effective immune response
118
what is the result of failed immune response when FeLV is haematogenous?
infects bone marrow
119
what is the result of inadequate immune response to bone marrow infection of FeLV or regressive infection progressing?
infection progresses persistent viraemia manifestation of FeLV related disease
120
what are clinical manifestations of FeLV?
anaemia bone marrow disorders neoplasia immunosuppression
121
what is the effect of FeLV associated immunosuppression?
opportunistic infections gingivostomatitis URT infection
122
what are the typical FeLV related bone marrow disorders?
non-regenerative anaemia neutropenia thrombocytopenia
123
what are the most common FeLV related neoplasia?
lymphoma | leukaemia
124
what are other FeLV related diseases?
``` anisocoria reproductive failure neurological signs immune mediated disease GI signs ```
125
how is FeLV diagnosed?
ELISA for FeLV antigen then redo as false positive possible confirmed with immunofluorescent antibody test of blood and bone marrow to look for FeLV antigens, PCR of blood, bone marrow, tissues
126
how often should you reassess healthy FeLV positive cats for regressive infection?
4-6 month intervals
127
why are FeLV test false negatives possible?
can take 1 month for antigen to be detectable
128
when should you retest if have negative FeLV test result?
suspected exposure
129
why doesnt maternal antibodies or vaccination affect test for FeLV?
tests antigens not antibodies
130
how is FeLV prevented?
non-core vaccine every 1-3 years which also prophylactically protects from progressive infection
131
which cats should be vaccinated against FeLV?
outdoors | multi cat house
132
what is prognosis for FeLV?
if regressive leads to FeLV associated disease in 3-5 years | when sick rapidly deteriorate
133
what is the structure of coronaviruses?
RNA virus | large and enveloped
134
define quasispecies
slightly different variations of something
135
what causes quasispecies of coronaviruses?
frequent mistakes in replication
136
what are the effects of the different virulences of coronaviruses?
low- GI infection, no disease medium- GI infection and disease high- affects macrophages, multisystemic, fatal disease
137
how is FCoV transmitted?
faeco-orally
138
what is the process of FCoV infection in cats?
replicates in intestine, occasionally causing SI diarrhoea | 1 week later virus shed in faeces, can be lifelong
139
what is the prevalence of FCoV infection?
high prevalence of infection up to 100% of cats | low prevalence of clinical disease
140
what happens if FCoV mutates?
becomes FIP
141
what type of disease is FIP?
sporadic in 5% cats so happens in vivo in individuals and doesn't spread
142
how does FIP replicate?
in macrophages so is systemic
143
what are the two types of FIP and which is most common?
wet- most common | dry
144
how is wet FIP caused?
inflammation of vessels causes fluid leakage
145
what are the signs of wet FIP?
``` pleural, pericardial and abdominal effusions tachypnoea dyspnoea jaundice lethargy pyrexia weight loss inappetence ```
146
how is dry FIP caused?
inflammation around vessels causes granulomas in multiple organs
147
where do granulomas tend to form in dry FIP?
``` lymph nodes brain eyes intestines liver kidneys ```
148
what are the signs of dry FIP?
``` organ dysfunction organomegaly effusions leading to wet FIP jaundice lethargy inappetence weight loss pyrexia ```
149
how is FIP diagnosed?
no test, but look at history, biochem, effusion analysis, haematology
150
why cant tests distinguish between FCoV and FIP and how can you?
same virus | look at if affecting macrophages or causing multisystemic disease
151
what is signalment for FIP?
``` young pure breeds multi cat households 1-3 years old geriatric stressors ```
152
what are general findings of FIP cats?
``` weight loss jaundice effusions ocular changes neurological change enlarged lymph nodes, kidney, liver ```
153
what is typically seen in haematology of FIP cats?
normal lymphopenia anaemia
154
what is typically seen in biochemistry of FIP cats?
hyperproteinaemia low albumin high bilirubin high alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
155
what are signs of FIP seen on imaging?
fluid development effusions lymphadenomegaly organ changes
156
what does exudate tend to look like for FIP cats?
thick and yellow
157
why is testing for FCoV not beneficial?
shows antibodies but most cats already have previous exposure even if healthy
158
what is aim of treatment for FIP?
improve quality of life as fatal
159
what is prognosis for FIP?
most ill enough for euthanasia within weeks of diagnosis
160
what is the consequence of lack of cell mediated immunity against FCoV?
partial or no protection
161
describe immunity against FCoV
kittens have 6 weeks MDA | immunity is short lasting
162
why is vaccination against FCoV not reccomended?
only licenced one is at 16 weeks but most infected by then may not provide systemic protection FIP developing after vaccination may make signs worse
163
how long can FCoV survive in the environment and how is it managed?
up to 7 weeks | susceptible to most disinfectants
164
what measures are needed if cat dies from FIP?
inform breeder if single cat house wait 2 months before new cat so FCoV dies if multicat reduce stress and keep clean but probably already exposed
165
what are breeder considerations for FCoV positive cats?
queens kept from other cats may wean early before MDA wane avoid breeding if multiple FIP kittens as may be in lineage quarantine house for 6 months with no breeding
166
how can you prevent FCoV?
``` minimise stress separate major events avoid over crowding good hygiene to prevent spread in faeces almost impossible to be FCoV free ```
167
what is toxoplasmosis?
protozoal parasite
168
what is the definitive and intermediate hosts of toxoplasmosis?
DH- cats | IH- warm blooded vertebrates, cats, people
169
define definitive host
host parasite is sexually mature and reproduces in
170
define intermediate host
host one or more stages of parasitic development occurs
171
define transport host
host parasite can survive but wont develop in | vector to other hosts
172
what are the lifestages of toxoplasmosis?
oocyst merozoites tachyzoites bradyzoites
173
what oocyst forms of toxoplasmosis are there?
unsporulated/non-infectious | sporulated/infectious
174
what is schizogony for toxoplasmosis?
asexual reproduction of oocyst to produce merozoites
175
how does toxoplasmosis transform from merozoites to bradyzoites?
merozoites differentiate to macrogamete/female or microgamete/male which sexually reproduce tachyzoites are formed in the dividing stage and is active infection once slowly dividing are bradyzoites and latent infection if ingested transform to merozoites in GI tract
176
how do cats tend to be infected with toxoplasmosis?
hunting and ingesting bradyzoites in prey
177
how does infection of toxoplasmosis spread from IH?
faecally shed for up to 3 weeks post infection
178
how does toxoplasmosis spread in IH?
ingested to GIT penetrates tract and spread in blood and lymph enters cells and rapidly asexually replicates as tachyzoites causing clinical disease bradyzoites produced which may persist or reactivate
179
what are clinical signs of toxoplasmosis infection in IH?
related to site of replication
180
what is the immune response against toxoplasmosis?
antibodies produced | in most IH enough to prevent replication and disease but may reactivate later
181
what are risks for toxoplasmosis?
faecal ingestion hunting raw food age as more opportunity for exposure
182
what are clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?
``` organ related uveitis chorioretinitis neurological signs hepatic pancreatic dyspnoea GI signs ```
183
how can toxoplasmosis be diagnosed?
cytology or histology to look for organism CSF analysis effusion analysis PCr
184
how is toxoplasmosis treated?
clindamycin for 4 weeks | supportive care
185
what is prognosis for toxoplasmosis?
treatment supresses but doesnt eliminate infection so may recur poor if CNS, pulmonary or hepatic involvement, immunosuppression or other disease if survive may have some dysfunction
186
what is the main risk of catching toxoplasmosis in people?
eating raw meat with tissue cysts
187
what is the pathogenic form of haemoplasmosis?
mycoplasma haemofelis
188
what are other forms of haemoplasmosis?
candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum | candidatus mycoplasma turicensis
189
how can haemoplasmosis be transmitted?
blood transfusions fleas bite wounds mother to kittens
190
what are risks for haemoplasmosis?
``` outdoors males non-pedigree young FIV or FeLV positive ```
191
what type of pathogen is mycoplasma haemofelis?
erythrocytic cell surface pathogen
192
how long is incubation for mycoplasma haemofelis?
2 days to 1 month
193
what is the pathogenesis of mycoplasma haemofelis?
``` lasts 1-4 weeks cyclical pathogen present with anaemia rapidly replicates varied disease severity and duration removed by immune system ```
194
how do cats survive mycoplasma haemofelis?
treatment | natural recovery by clearing organisms from blood
195
what are clinical signs of mycoplasma haemofelis?
``` anaemia weakness lethargy inappetence tachypnoea icterus tachycardia splenomegaly pyreixa ```
196
what can be found in haematology of mycoplasma haemofelis patients?
anaemia reticulocytes autoagglutination from antibodies on RBC surface
197
how is mycoplasma haemofelis diagnosed?
blood smear | PCR to look for DNA
198
how is mycoplasma haemofelis treated?
doxycycline for 2 weeks | blood transfusions as needed
199
what are the effects of CPV2 infection?
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
200
how is CPV2 spread?
faeco oral spread, especially diarrhoea
201
what inactivates CPV2?
bleach
202
what tissues does CVP2 effect?
rapidly dividing tissues neonatal myocardium bone marrow intestinal crypt cells
203
what is signalment for CVP2?
inadequately protected puppy in immunity gap | unvaccinated adults
204
how does CPV2 cause haemorrhagic gastroenteritis?
prevents production of intestinal enterocytes so villi become uncovered, ulcerated and bleed
205
what are signs of CPV2?
``` haemorrhagic diarrhoea vomiting anorexia depression abdominal pain neutropenia sepsis pyrexia death ```
206
how is CPV2 diagnosed?
clinical suspicion faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA post mortem
207
how is CPV2 treated?
``` aggressive IVFT monitor electrolytes and glucose NO tube feeding anti-emetics antibiotics to prevent sepsis ```
208
what are nursing considerations for CPV2?
``` keep comfortable, clean and warm ensure euvolaemic and euhydrated monitor for pyrexia and hypothermia early nutrition company barrier nurse ```
209
how can CPV2 be prevented?
barrier nursing | vaccination
210
what affects prognosis for CPV2?
patient viral load provision of supportive care
211
what is feline parvovirus?
feline leukopenia or infectious enteritis | closely related to canine parvo
212
what is leptospirosis and how does it present?
zoonotic bacterial infection | acute hepatic or renal injury
213
how is leptospirosis found in the environment and how is it inactivated?
infected urine | heat, frost, UV radiation
214
describe how dogs become infected with leptospirosis
contaminated urine contacts MM or compromised skin replicates in blood then infects kidney and sheds in urine 1 week incubation
215
what is presentation of leptospirosis?
``` jaundice renal failure lethargy inappetance V+, D+ pyrexia an or polyuria ```
216
what are lab findings in patients infected with leptospirosis?
thrombocytopenia high liver enzymes azotaemia
217
how is leptospirosis diagnosed?
demonstrate serologic conversion | PCR of blood or urine to identify organism
218
how is leptospirosis treated?
doxycycline for 2 weeks amoxicillin clavulanate supportive therapy treat if suspected even if not confirmed
219
what is prognosis for leptospirosis?
50% full recovery chronic disease death
220
state nursing care for leptospirosis patients
``` hygiene barrier nursing cage signs urination area to limit spread and monitor UOP avoid contact with fluids ```
221
what can be the effect in humans if infected with leptospirosis?
weils disease | mild and flu like to multisystemic disease and abortion
222
what is canine distemper virus?
enveloped RNA morbillivirus
223
what does CDV effect in the body?
GI, respiratory, neuro and dermatological systems
224
what dogs are mainly at risk of CDV?
unvaccinated dogs
225
how is CDV spread?
oronasal secretions
226
how does CDV infection spread in the body?
enters tonsils or lymphoid tissue of URT replicates enters monocytes moves into reticuloendothelial system/liver, spleen, lungs shed in body secretions and excretions before signs
227
where does CDV tend to localise?
``` epithelial tissue resp GI CNS urinary skin blood cells ```
228
what is acute presentation of CDV?
``` pyrexia lethargy cough oronasal discharge vomiting diarrhoea neuro signs secondary infection ```
229
what affects variability for CDV?
host pathogenicity dose
230
what are signs of chronic CDV?
``` CNS signs seizures blindness enamel and dentin hypoplasia dermatological signs ```
231
how is CDV diagnosed?
lymphopenia organism identification by swabs, cytology, ELISA, PCR antibody detection
232
how is CDV treated?
barrier nurse | supportive therapy
233
how do you get immunity to CDV?
cell mediated from natural infection which is lifelong
234
what is CAV-1?
infectious canine hepatitis
235
how long odes CAV-1 survive in environment and how is it deactivated?
months | disinfectants
236
who is at risk for CAV-1
juvenile | unvaccinated
237
how is CAV-1 transmitted?
shed in saliva, faeces and urine | direct or fomite transmission
238
how does CAV-1 act in the body?
``` enters oropharynx replicates in tonsils enters lymph system and blood enters hepatocytes and endothelial cells replicates in cell nucleus and causes cell injury and lysis ```
239
how long is CAV-1 incubation?
4-9 days
240
what is seen in acute clinical disease of CAV-1?
severe disease for 1-2 weeks | 30% mortality
241
when do dogs get subclinical signs of CAV-1?
immunologically competent vaccinated immune
242
what is seen in per-acute clinical disease of CAV-1?
circulatory collapse and death in 1-2 days
243
what are clinical signs of CAV-1?
``` hepatic injury petechial or GI haemorrhage ocular signs pyrexia lethargy tachypnoea kidney damage ```
244
what is the antibody response against CAV-1?
from 7 days after infection unless poor immune system as dies before this
245
how is CAV-1 diagnosed?
``` leukopenia neutropenia biochemistry showing hepatocellular injury and dysfunction coagulopathic viral identification by PCR ```
246
how is CAV-1 treated?
barrier nurse | supportive therapy
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what is prognosis for CAV-1?
depends on severity and immune response if survive my have chronic liver or renal illness survival means life long protections
248
what is CAV-2?
respiratory pathogen part of kennel cough complex causing mild disease
249
what is CHV-1?
fading puppy syndrome | latent infection of neural ganglia which reactivates at times of stress
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how is CHV-1 transmitted?
sexually
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why does CHV-1 disease tend to be just in puppies?
replicates less than 37 degrees and adults body temperature is warmer
252
what makes up kennel cough/canine infectious respiratory disease complex?
bordetella brocnhiseptica canine parainfluenza CAV-2
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what is typical presentation of kennel cough?
acute URT cough | sometimes oculonasal signs or pneumonia
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how is kennel cough transmitted?
aerosols | direct or fomite contact highly contagious to unvaccinated
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how are systemically well dogs with kennel cough managed?
keep away from other dogs NSAIDs if needed resolve in 1-2 weeks
256
how are systemically unwell dogs with kennel cough managed?
antibiotics radiography LRT check for other diseases
257
what are risks for bacterial enterocolitis
raw fed young unclean environment
258
what is nursing care for bacterial enterocolitis?
``` barrier nursing hygiene IVTF analgesia anti-emetics temperature ```
259
what is bacterial enterocolitis?
infection by bacteria that normally resides in GI tract
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what are clinical signs of bacterial enterocolitis?
haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea pyrexia sepsis endotoxemia
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what bacteria can cause bacterial enterocolitis?
campylobacter spp. salmonella spp. E coli clostridium perfringens
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what are signs of salmonella infection?
pyrexia leucocytosis GI signs
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how is salmonella infection diagnosed?
faecal culture blood culture PCR
264
what is significant about cases of bacterial enterocolitis?
presence of bacteria doesnt mean cause of illness
265
how and when is salmonella infection treated?
antibiotics if systemically unwell
266
how is E coli diagnosed?
faecal culture | evaluate for pathogenicity genes
267
how is E coli infection treated?
antimicrobials
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how does E coli infection present?
diarrhoea | granulomatous colitis
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how is clostridium perfringens infection diagnosed?
LI diarrhoea ELISA test PCR for genes
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how is clostridium perfringens treated?
metronidazole or ampicillin if systemically ill
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how does acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome/AHDS cause illness?
cause pore in enterocytes so water leaks into intestinal tract causing haemoconcentration, hypovolaemia, dehydration
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what is presentation of AHDS?
``` acute haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea abdominal pain obtunded hypovolaemic shock parvovirus ```
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how is AHDS diagnosed?
clinical signs high PCV with normal proteins other causes excluded
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how is AHDS treated?
IVFT treat hypovolaemia antibiotics if systemic illness
275
when does clostridium difficile likely cause disease?
secondary to toxin production
276
how is clostriduim difficile infection diagnosed?
faecal culture antigen test ELISA for toxins
277
how is clostridium difficile infection treated?
metronidazole if indicated
278
define vaccine
substance administered to stimulate immune response and immunological memory in host against specific disease
279
why do we vaccinate?
protection from life threatening clinical disease | herd immunity
280
define homeoprophylaxis
attempting to protect animal by homeopathic method | isnt classed as vaccination
281
define immunity
protection from disease
282
define active immunity
immunity acquired through vaccination
283
define passive immunity
immunity acquired through maternally derived antibody
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what types of vaccines are considered infectious?
live modified live live attenuated
285
how does infectious vaccines produce immune response?
modified whole pathogen circulates and infects cells at low levels triggering strong immune response
286
state the types of non-infectious vaccines
killed | inactivated
287
how do non-infectious vaccines produce immune response?
adjuvents stimulate weak immune response to pathogen so multiple doses are needed for strong immune response
288
define antigen
substance immune system produces antibodies against
289
what is the active component of vaccines?
antigens
290
define antibody
immunoglobulin part of specific immune attack against specific antigen
291
how are vaccines usually stored?
fridge at 2-8 degrees
292
define adjuvent
substance added into vaccines
293
list routes of admin of vaccines
SC intranasal IM oral
294
what are examples of mild adverse events after vaccinating?
``` pyrexia lethargy inappetence local swelling 2-3 days post vaccine ```
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what are examples of severe adverse events after vaccinating?
anyphylaxis | FISS
296
define FISS
feline injection site sarcoma | tumour at site of injection
297
when shouldn't you vaccinate?
unhealthy on steroids or immunosuppressants evidence of prior reaction to vaccines already infected or recovered from disease
298
what is in the core canine vaccines and what type are they?
CDV- MLV CAV-2- MLV CPV-2- MLV leptospirosis- inactivated
299
why are puppies vaccinated at 6-8 weeks initially?
low enough MDA so own immune system can produce response
300
what is the recommended schedule for virus puppy vaccinations following the first and why?
every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks to catch puppies with high MDA
301
what is typical virus vaccination schedule for puppies?
6-8 weeks old then 2-4 weeks later no earlier than 10 weeks old
302
what is the difference between L2 and L4 vaccine?
L4 covers more species of leptospirosis
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when are leptospirosis vaccines given to puppies?
2 doses 2-4 weeks apart with core vaccines
304
when are canine adult vaccines given?
annually from 12 months old core vaccines- 3 years leptospirosis- yearly
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define titre
levels of antibody in the blood
306
what are classed as non-core canine vaccines?
``` kennel cough- MLV, live, avirulent CPiV CHV Coronavirus Rabies ```
307
list the core feline vaccines and the types they are
FHV-1- MLV FCV- MLV FPV- MLV
308
when are kittens recommended to be vaccinated?
6-8 weeks then 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks
309
what is the typical schedule for kitten vaccinations?
8-9 weeks then 3-4 weeks later no earlier than 12 weeks
310
when are adult cats vaccinated?
annual vaccine from 12 months FPV- 3 years FHV-1 and FCV- annually
311
list feline non-core vaccines
``` FeLV chlamydia felis bordetella bronchiseptica FCoV rabies ```
312
what is the purpose of import legislation for pets?
prevents spreading disease to countries free of the disease
313
what is the aim of PETS?
protect UK from disease
314
what is needed for entry to the UK?
pet passport microchip rabies vaccine and boosters- 21 days before unless non-listed 3rd country then 30 days after vaccine blood test to test Ab levels then 3 months after that allowed in
315
what is the requirement for tapeworm for entry to UK?
treatment ideally praziquantel 1-5 days before entering given by vet and stamped in passport
316
what is advice for ticks when travelling?
not legal but recommend up to date prevention
317
what is leishmania infantum?
intracellular protozoan parasite using sand flies as vectors | zoonotic
318
what is the effect of leishmania infantum?
multisystemic disease
319
what are signs of leishmaniosis?
alopecia crusty lesions ulceration eye inflammation
320
what is sub-clinical disease of leishmaniosis
chronic disease reservoir
321
what is found in clinical disease of leishmaniosis?
life threatening chronic complications dermatological lesions inflammation of kidney, joints, eyes general illness signs
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how is leishmaniosis diagnosed?
cytology to visualise organisms PCR to detect DNA serology for antibodies
323
define serology
blood test to measure level of antibodies in blood against specific organism
324
how is leishmaniosis treated?
1st month- daily injections of meglumine antimonate for 6-12 months- daily allopurinol tablets manage complications rare to eliminate fully
325
how can leishmaniosis be prevented?
dont travel control sandflies leisguard vaccinate to reduce risk of developing disease
326
state examples of tick borne diseases
babesia spp ehrlichia spp anaplasma spp
327
what does anaplasma and ehrlichia spp infect in the body?
neutrophils platelets monocytes
328
what are clinical signs of anaplasma and ehrlichia spp?
asymptomatic to severe thrombocytopenia pancytopenia multisystemic disease
329
how is anaplasma and ehrlichia spp diagnosed?
cytology PCR serology
330
how is anaplasma and ehrlichia spp treated?
2-4 weeks doxycycline | tick control
331
what is prognosis for ehrlichia spp?
guarded if chronic
332
what type of parasite is babesia spp?
intraerythrocytic protozoa
333
how can babesia spp be spread?
ticks dog fights iatrogenically
334
what are clinical signs of babesia spp?
``` haemolytic anaemia jaundice pigmenturia thrombocytopenia splenomegaly multiorgan failure death ```
335
how is babesia spp diagnosed?
cytology blood smear PCR serology
336
how is babesia spp treated?
drugs | supportive treatment
337
what is prevention for babesia spp?
tick control
338
what is dirofilariasis?
heart worm that causes right sided heart disease
339
where is dirofilariasis found?
pulmonary arteries
340
what is the life cycle of dirofilariasis?
``` matures from L1 to L3 in 1-3 weeks L3 infects dog matures to L5 over few months L5 migrates to vascular system mates to produce L1 in circulation ```
341
what are signs of dirofilariasis?
``` asymptomatic at first exercise intolerance coughing tachypnoea dyspnoea lethargy fluid accumulation ```
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how is dirofilariasis diagnosed?
blood smear to detect L1 ELISA for antigens imaging
343
how is dirofilariasis treated?
vet cardiologist gives drugs to kill worms or removes surgically
344
what is prognosis for dirofilariasis?
high risk of thromboembolism and death
345
how can dirofilariasis be prevented?
prevention treatment if going to endemic country | manage mosquitos as vectors

Clinical Nursing May Exam (22 decks)

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