Infectious diseases Flashcards
define infectious
able to be passed from one person, animal, plant to another
define zoonosis
disease that can be passed from animals to humans
define reverse zoonosis
disease passed from humans to animals
define community acquired
disease acquired in the community
define nosocomial
disease acquired in hospital
define commensal
organism that inhibits a specific mucosal surface in the body normally and is non-pathogenic
define pathogenic
disease causing
what type of organisms are bacteria?
single celled prokaryotic
how do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
list shapes of bacteria
coccoid- spherical
bacillus- rods
spiral
how are bacterial infections diagnosed?
organism detection by microscope or culture
demonstration of antibody
how are pathogenic bacteria treated?
antibiotics
how does viruses cause disease?
replicates in living host causing it to become virus factory and eventually cell death
how are viruses diagnosed?
PCR to demonstrate virus
demonstration of antibody
how are viruses treated?
antivirals
supportive therapy
describe the structure of fungi
multicellular eukaryotes with complex cell structures
define heterotrophic fungi
cant make their own food
what is significant about heterotrophic fungi?
rely on host for nutrients
how do fungi and parasites reproduce?
asexual or sexual
when do fungi typically cause infection?
if immunocompromised
how are fungal infections diagnosed?
organism identification by microscope, culture or DNA
antibody demonstration
how are fungal infections treated?
antifungals
often is long treatment
what are examples of types of parasites?
protozoa
ectoparasites
worms
describe general structure of parasites
eukaryotic multicellular organisms
how are parasites diagnosed?
identification by microscope, gross visualisation
identifying antigens or DNA
how are parasites treated?
anti parasitics
what is the structure of protozoa?
single celled eukaryotic with complex cell structures
what is the normal affect caused by protozoa?
GI effects
multisystemic disease
what is the usual two forms of protozoa?
cyst
trophozoite
how are protozoa diagnosed?
organism detection by microscopy, antigens, DNA
demonstrating antibodies
how are protozoa treated?
antiprotozoals
some antibiotics
state measures for controlling spread of infection
PPE barrier nursing handwashing single use equipment thorough cleaning
when is cat flu most common?
over crowding or multi cat households
what are the main causes of cat flu which cause the most severe disease?
FHV-1
FCV
what are other less common causes of cat flu?
chlamydia felis
bordetella bronchiseptica
secondary bacterial infection
what is the structure of FHV-1?
enveloped DNA virus
how long does FHV-1 effect cats once infected?
become latent carriers lifelong with stressful events triggering reactivation of shedding
when does FHV-1 transmit from cats?
4-12 days after reactivation of shedding for 1 week
how does FHV-1 transmit?
fomites
close contact
do all cats shedding FHV-1 or FCV have clinical signs?
not all
list clinical signs of FHV-1 shedding cats
conjunctivitis ocular discharge sneezing nasal discharge salivation lethargy inappetence fever
what is the structure of FCV?
non-enveloped DNA virus
how does infection of FCV persist in cats?
stays in oropharyngeal tissues for over a month, may last whole life
in this time is shedding continually
what are symptoms of FCV shedding cats?
sneezing nasal congestion fever drooling nasal and ocular discharge mouth ulcers
how is FCV spread?
fomites
close contact
aerosols
how is cat flu transmitted?
direct or indirect contact
respiratory secretions entering URT
FCV in excretions as is in systemic tissues
how long is the incubation period for FHV-1 and FCV?
2-6 days with no clinical signs
what cats are most affected by FHV-1 and FCV infections?
kittens
immunocompromised
secondary infections present
how are FHV-1 and FCV diagnosed?
swabs
PCR
virus isolation
culture
list nursing care for cat flu patients
keep face clean and comfortable
barrier cream to prevent discharge scalding
eye lube if ulcers or discharge
nebulisation to loosen secretions
what medications may be used for patients with cat flu?
antivirals antibiotics if secondary infections analgesia appetite stimulants mucolytics if very thick mucus
what is the best way to give medication to cat flu patients and why?
injectable as oral may be uncomfortable
what are handling considerations for patients with cat flu?
dont restrain with hand under chin as may put pressure on pharyngeal inflammation
moving head could cause pharyngeal obstruction if inflamed
what are nursing considerations for nutrition of cat flu patients?
maintain hydration and electrolytes
oral food preferred, hand feeding if needed or feeding tube
consider anti-emetics, analgesia and appetite stimulants
name some antiviral drugs that can be used to treat cat flu
famciclovir
lysine
recombinant feline interferon
when are secondary bacterial infections suspected in cats with cat flu?
thick mucous discharge
how is environment managed in cat flu patients?
through cleaning of fomites and cages
how do you clean to kill FHV-1 and FCV?
FHV-1- most disinfectants
FCV- bleach, hydrogen peroxide as resistant to most disinfectants
how long do FHV-1 and FCV last in environment?
FHV-1- 18 hours
FCV- up to a month
how should cat flu patients be managed in hospital?
isolation if clinical signs or suspected carrier
ideally only one staff member in contact
barrier nursing
good hygiene
what ways are there to prevent cat flu?
vaccination
immunity
population management
how do vaccines prevent cat flu?
core vaccines mostly protect so reduces severity and incidence
what type of vaccines are used for cat flu?
live attenuated
inactivated
what is the protocol for vaccinating against cat flu?
6-8 weeks old
every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks
every 1-3 years
queen before mating
how is immunity against cat flu achieved?
local humoral
cell mediated
colostrum gives 6-16 weeks protection with MDA
what population management measures can reduce incidence of cat flu?
minimise stress
quarantine new arrivals to multi cat households for 3-4 weeks to give chance to show signs if asymptomatic
dont breed if clinically affected
what is highly virulent calicivirus?
virulent systemic disease
what are signs of highly virulent calicivirus?
ulcers crusting alopecia oedema pulmonary oedema pleural effusion icterus vomiting diarrhoea
what are signs of severe highly virulent calici virus?
pyrexia anorexia lethargy weight loss death
state the two forms of chlamydia felis?
elementary body
reticulate body
what is chlamydia felis?
obligate intracellular bacteria
what is the difference between the elementary and reticulate body form of chlamydia felis?
elementary- infectious form
reticulate- non-infectious form
how does elementary become reticulate body of chlamydia felis?
attaches to host epithelial cells
internalised to inclusion
morphs to reticulate body
how is elementary form of chlamydia felis transmitted?
direct contact mainly but can survive few days in environment
how does reticulate become elementary body of chlamydia felis?
replicates in host cells
matures into EB
released from cell causing damage to host
what is the incubation period for chlamydia felis?
2-5 days
how does chlamydia felis present?
feline conjunctivitis
URT signs
how is chlamydia felis diagnosed?
PCR from conjunctiva swab
how is chlamydia felis treated?
oral doxycycline for 4 weeks, at least 2 weeks past clinical resolution
nursing hygiene
non-core vaccine
what type of bacteria is bordetelle bronchiseptica?
aerobic
gram negative
cocco-bacilli
where is bordetella bronchiseptica most prevalant?
high density populations
how long does bordetella bronchiseptica survive in the environment?
10 days
killed by most disinfectants
how is bordetella bronchiseptica transmitted?
airborne
fomites
infected water
how long is incubation period of bordetella bronchiseptica?
2-10 days
what is the effect of respiratory colonisation of bordetella bronchiseptica?
inflammation
mucus production
impairs host defence so prone to secondary infections
what are signs of bordetella bronchiseptica infection?
URT infection
sneezing
mucus nasal discharge
harsh cough
how is bordetella bronchiseptica diagnosed?
culture and sensitivity and PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage
how is bordetella bronchiseptica treated?
doxycycline when needed for 1-4 weeks
non-core vaccine
what is the structure of FIV and FeLV?
enveloped RNA virus
retrovirus
what is meant by retrovirus
viral RNA is reverse transcribed in cell to proviral DNA
how is FIV and FeLV treated?
home management
supportive management
what supportive management measures should be in place for FIV and FeLV?
good hydration and nutrition manage manifestations of disease may use antivirals regular health checks give core vaccines
what home management measures should be in place for FIV and FeLV?
indoors to prevent transmission and limit risk of opportunistic infections
separate positive and negative cats
no hunting or raw food as susceptible to bacteria
how long do cats with FIV typically live?
normal life length
how is FIV transmitted?
bite wounds
saliva
mother to kittens
infected blood products
what is signalment for FIV?
fighters
outdoor cats
older cats
males
what is the general infection period for FIV?
lifelong with long asymptomatic period
what are the 3 phases of infection of FIV?
acute
asymptomatic
terminal
what is the acute phase of FIV infection?
replicates in local lymphoid tissue
peak viraemia 8-12 post infection
some mild illness
define viraemia
viral replication
what is the asymptomatic phase of FIV infection?
impaired lymphocyte response to infectious agents as attacks CD4+ cells
may last lifetime but normally months to years
what is the terminal phase of FIV infection?
progression from asymptomatic phase where become highly susceptible to other disease
what are clinical signs of FIV?
skin infection carcinoma skin or ocular lesions anaemia secondary infection
how is FIV diagnosed?
detection of antibodies against FIV
what does positive FIV test result mean?
FIV infection unless vaccinated as produces same antibodies or kitten as may still have maternal antibodies
confirm with different method
when are false negative results for FIV possible?
early disease
terminal disease as antibodies impaired
kittens with rapidly progressing disease
if negative FIV test result but disease is suspected what should you do?
recheck after 2 months
PCR blood for FIV
when should you test for FIV?
known exposure rehoming to multi cat household before blood screening before vaccinating against FIV seropositive kittens once 6 months to confirm
how is FIV prevented?
vaccinate for some protection in seronegative cats
what is the prognosis for cats with FIV when sick and healthy?
sick- less than a year
healthy- normal life usually
euthanasia if other infection compromises health
why if FeLV more strongly associated with clinical disease than FIV?
more pathogenic
how is FeLV transmitted?
allogrooming fomites prolonged oronasal salivary exposure mother to kittens infected blood products
what is signalment for FeLV?
close contact cats
outdoor
young cats
unvaccinated
what is the result of strong immune response to FeLV infection?
abortive infection so becomes immune
what are signs of initial FeLV infection?
non-specific- inappetence, pyrexia, lethargy
what is the result of immune system failing to respond to FeLV infection?
haematogenous spread around the body
how is regressive infection of FeLV achieved once spread is haematogenous or in bone marrow?
effective immune response
what is the result of failed immune response when FeLV is haematogenous?
infects bone marrow
what is the result of inadequate immune response to bone marrow infection of FeLV or regressive infection progressing?
infection progresses
persistent viraemia
manifestation of FeLV related disease
what are clinical manifestations of FeLV?
anaemia
bone marrow disorders
neoplasia
immunosuppression
what is the effect of FeLV associated immunosuppression?
opportunistic infections
gingivostomatitis
URT infection
what are the typical FeLV related bone marrow disorders?
non-regenerative anaemia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
what are the most common FeLV related neoplasia?
lymphoma
leukaemia
what are other FeLV related diseases?
anisocoria reproductive failure neurological signs immune mediated disease GI signs
how is FeLV diagnosed?
ELISA for FeLV antigen then redo as false positive possible
confirmed with immunofluorescent antibody test of blood and bone marrow to look for FeLV antigens, PCR of blood, bone marrow, tissues
how often should you reassess healthy FeLV positive cats for regressive infection?
4-6 month intervals
why are FeLV test false negatives possible?
can take 1 month for antigen to be detectable
when should you retest if have negative FeLV test result?
suspected exposure
why doesnt maternal antibodies or vaccination affect test for FeLV?
tests antigens not antibodies
how is FeLV prevented?
non-core vaccine every 1-3 years which also prophylactically protects from progressive infection
which cats should be vaccinated against FeLV?
outdoors
multi cat house
what is prognosis for FeLV?
if regressive leads to FeLV associated disease in 3-5 years
when sick rapidly deteriorate
what is the structure of coronaviruses?
RNA virus
large and enveloped
define quasispecies
slightly different variations of something
what causes quasispecies of coronaviruses?
frequent mistakes in replication
what are the effects of the different virulences of coronaviruses?
low- GI infection, no disease
medium- GI infection and disease
high- affects macrophages, multisystemic, fatal disease
how is FCoV transmitted?
faeco-orally
what is the process of FCoV infection in cats?
replicates in intestine, occasionally causing SI diarrhoea
1 week later virus shed in faeces, can be lifelong
what is the prevalence of FCoV infection?
high prevalence of infection up to 100% of cats
low prevalence of clinical disease
what happens if FCoV mutates?
becomes FIP
what type of disease is FIP?
sporadic in 5% cats so happens in vivo in individuals and doesn’t spread
how does FIP replicate?
in macrophages so is systemic
what are the two types of FIP and which is most common?
wet- most common
dry
how is wet FIP caused?
inflammation of vessels causes fluid leakage
what are the signs of wet FIP?
pleural, pericardial and abdominal effusions tachypnoea dyspnoea jaundice lethargy pyrexia weight loss inappetence
how is dry FIP caused?
inflammation around vessels causes granulomas in multiple organs
where do granulomas tend to form in dry FIP?
lymph nodes brain eyes intestines liver kidneys
what are the signs of dry FIP?
organ dysfunction organomegaly effusions leading to wet FIP jaundice lethargy inappetence weight loss pyrexia
how is FIP diagnosed?
no test, but look at history, biochem, effusion analysis, haematology
why cant tests distinguish between FCoV and FIP and how can you?
same virus
look at if affecting macrophages or causing multisystemic disease
what is signalment for FIP?
young pure breeds multi cat households 1-3 years old geriatric stressors
what are general findings of FIP cats?
weight loss jaundice effusions ocular changes neurological change enlarged lymph nodes, kidney, liver
what is typically seen in haematology of FIP cats?
normal
lymphopenia
anaemia
what is typically seen in biochemistry of FIP cats?
hyperproteinaemia
low albumin
high bilirubin
high alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
what are signs of FIP seen on imaging?
fluid development
effusions
lymphadenomegaly
organ changes
what does exudate tend to look like for FIP cats?
thick and yellow
why is testing for FCoV not beneficial?
shows antibodies but most cats already have previous exposure even if healthy
what is aim of treatment for FIP?
improve quality of life as fatal
what is prognosis for FIP?
most ill enough for euthanasia within weeks of diagnosis
what is the consequence of lack of cell mediated immunity against FCoV?
partial or no protection
describe immunity against FCoV
kittens have 6 weeks MDA
immunity is short lasting
why is vaccination against FCoV not reccomended?
only licenced one is at 16 weeks but most infected by then
may not provide systemic protection
FIP developing after vaccination may make signs worse
how long can FCoV survive in the environment and how is it managed?
up to 7 weeks
susceptible to most disinfectants
what measures are needed if cat dies from FIP?
inform breeder
if single cat house wait 2 months before new cat so FCoV dies
if multicat reduce stress and keep clean but probably already exposed
what are breeder considerations for FCoV positive cats?
queens kept from other cats
may wean early before MDA wane
avoid breeding if multiple FIP kittens as may be in lineage
quarantine house for 6 months with no breeding
how can you prevent FCoV?
minimise stress separate major events avoid over crowding good hygiene to prevent spread in faeces almost impossible to be FCoV free
what is toxoplasmosis?
protozoal parasite
what is the definitive and intermediate hosts of toxoplasmosis?
DH- cats
IH- warm blooded vertebrates, cats, people
define definitive host
host parasite is sexually mature and reproduces in
define intermediate host
host one or more stages of parasitic development occurs
define transport host
host parasite can survive but wont develop in
vector to other hosts
what are the lifestages of toxoplasmosis?
oocyst
merozoites
tachyzoites
bradyzoites
what oocyst forms of toxoplasmosis are there?
unsporulated/non-infectious
sporulated/infectious
what is schizogony for toxoplasmosis?
asexual reproduction of oocyst to produce merozoites
how does toxoplasmosis transform from merozoites to bradyzoites?
merozoites differentiate to macrogamete/female or microgamete/male which sexually reproduce
tachyzoites are formed in the dividing stage and is active infection
once slowly dividing are bradyzoites and latent infection
if ingested transform to merozoites in GI tract
how do cats tend to be infected with toxoplasmosis?
hunting and ingesting bradyzoites in prey
how does infection of toxoplasmosis spread from IH?
faecally shed for up to 3 weeks post infection
how does toxoplasmosis spread in IH?
ingested to GIT
penetrates tract and spread in blood and lymph
enters cells and rapidly asexually replicates as tachyzoites causing clinical disease
bradyzoites produced which may persist or reactivate
what are clinical signs of toxoplasmosis infection in IH?
related to site of replication
what is the immune response against toxoplasmosis?
antibodies produced
in most IH enough to prevent replication and disease but may reactivate later
what are risks for toxoplasmosis?
faecal ingestion
hunting
raw food
age as more opportunity for exposure
what are clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?
organ related uveitis chorioretinitis neurological signs hepatic pancreatic dyspnoea GI signs
how can toxoplasmosis be diagnosed?
cytology or histology to look for organism
CSF analysis
effusion analysis
PCr
how is toxoplasmosis treated?
clindamycin for 4 weeks
supportive care
what is prognosis for toxoplasmosis?
treatment supresses but doesnt eliminate infection so may recur
poor if CNS, pulmonary or hepatic involvement, immunosuppression or other disease
if survive may have some dysfunction
what is the main risk of catching toxoplasmosis in people?
eating raw meat with tissue cysts
what is the pathogenic form of haemoplasmosis?
mycoplasma haemofelis
what are other forms of haemoplasmosis?
candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum
candidatus mycoplasma turicensis
how can haemoplasmosis be transmitted?
blood transfusions
fleas
bite wounds
mother to kittens
what are risks for haemoplasmosis?
outdoors males non-pedigree young FIV or FeLV positive
what type of pathogen is mycoplasma haemofelis?
erythrocytic cell surface pathogen
how long is incubation for mycoplasma haemofelis?
2 days to 1 month
what is the pathogenesis of mycoplasma haemofelis?
lasts 1-4 weeks cyclical pathogen present with anaemia rapidly replicates varied disease severity and duration removed by immune system
how do cats survive mycoplasma haemofelis?
treatment
natural recovery by clearing organisms from blood
what are clinical signs of mycoplasma haemofelis?
anaemia weakness lethargy inappetence tachypnoea icterus tachycardia splenomegaly pyreixa
what can be found in haematology of mycoplasma haemofelis patients?
anaemia
reticulocytes
autoagglutination from antibodies on RBC surface
how is mycoplasma haemofelis diagnosed?
blood smear
PCR to look for DNA
how is mycoplasma haemofelis treated?
doxycycline for 2 weeks
blood transfusions as needed
what are the effects of CPV2 infection?
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
how is CPV2 spread?
faeco oral spread, especially diarrhoea
what inactivates CPV2?
bleach
what tissues does CVP2 effect?
rapidly dividing tissues
neonatal myocardium
bone marrow
intestinal crypt cells
what is signalment for CVP2?
inadequately protected puppy in immunity gap
unvaccinated adults
how does CPV2 cause haemorrhagic gastroenteritis?
prevents production of intestinal enterocytes so villi become uncovered, ulcerated and bleed
what are signs of CPV2?
haemorrhagic diarrhoea vomiting anorexia depression abdominal pain neutropenia sepsis pyrexia death
how is CPV2 diagnosed?
clinical suspicion
faecal parvovirus antigen ELISA
post mortem
how is CPV2 treated?
aggressive IVFT monitor electrolytes and glucose NO tube feeding anti-emetics antibiotics to prevent sepsis
what are nursing considerations for CPV2?
keep comfortable, clean and warm ensure euvolaemic and euhydrated monitor for pyrexia and hypothermia early nutrition company barrier nurse
how can CPV2 be prevented?
barrier nursing
vaccination
what affects prognosis for CPV2?
patient
viral load
provision of supportive care
what is feline parvovirus?
feline leukopenia or infectious enteritis
closely related to canine parvo
what is leptospirosis and how does it present?
zoonotic bacterial infection
acute hepatic or renal injury
how is leptospirosis found in the environment and how is it inactivated?
infected urine
heat, frost, UV radiation
describe how dogs become infected with leptospirosis
contaminated urine contacts MM or compromised skin
replicates in blood then infects kidney and sheds in urine
1 week incubation
what is presentation of leptospirosis?
jaundice renal failure lethargy inappetance V+, D+ pyrexia an or polyuria
what are lab findings in patients infected with leptospirosis?
thrombocytopenia
high liver enzymes
azotaemia
how is leptospirosis diagnosed?
demonstrate serologic conversion
PCR of blood or urine to identify organism
how is leptospirosis treated?
doxycycline for 2 weeks
amoxicillin clavulanate
supportive therapy
treat if suspected even if not confirmed
what is prognosis for leptospirosis?
50% full recovery
chronic disease
death
state nursing care for leptospirosis patients
hygiene barrier nursing cage signs urination area to limit spread and monitor UOP avoid contact with fluids
what can be the effect in humans if infected with leptospirosis?
weils disease
mild and flu like to multisystemic disease and abortion
what is canine distemper virus?
enveloped RNA morbillivirus
what does CDV effect in the body?
GI, respiratory, neuro and dermatological systems
what dogs are mainly at risk of CDV?
unvaccinated dogs
how is CDV spread?
oronasal secretions
how does CDV infection spread in the body?
enters tonsils or lymphoid tissue of URT
replicates
enters monocytes
moves into reticuloendothelial system/liver, spleen, lungs
shed in body secretions and excretions before signs
where does CDV tend to localise?
epithelial tissue resp GI CNS urinary skin blood cells
what is acute presentation of CDV?
pyrexia lethargy cough oronasal discharge vomiting diarrhoea neuro signs secondary infection
what affects variability for CDV?
host
pathogenicity
dose
what are signs of chronic CDV?
CNS signs seizures blindness enamel and dentin hypoplasia dermatological signs
how is CDV diagnosed?
lymphopenia
organism identification by swabs, cytology, ELISA, PCR
antibody detection
how is CDV treated?
barrier nurse
supportive therapy
how do you get immunity to CDV?
cell mediated from natural infection which is lifelong
what is CAV-1?
infectious canine hepatitis
how long odes CAV-1 survive in environment and how is it deactivated?
months
disinfectants
who is at risk for CAV-1
juvenile
unvaccinated
how is CAV-1 transmitted?
shed in saliva, faeces and urine
direct or fomite transmission
how does CAV-1 act in the body?
enters oropharynx replicates in tonsils enters lymph system and blood enters hepatocytes and endothelial cells replicates in cell nucleus and causes cell injury and lysis
how long is CAV-1 incubation?
4-9 days
what is seen in acute clinical disease of CAV-1?
severe disease for 1-2 weeks
30% mortality
when do dogs get subclinical signs of CAV-1?
immunologically competent
vaccinated
immune
what is seen in per-acute clinical disease of CAV-1?
circulatory collapse and death in 1-2 days
what are clinical signs of CAV-1?
hepatic injury petechial or GI haemorrhage ocular signs pyrexia lethargy tachypnoea kidney damage
what is the antibody response against CAV-1?
from 7 days after infection unless poor immune system as dies before this
how is CAV-1 diagnosed?
leukopenia neutropenia biochemistry showing hepatocellular injury and dysfunction coagulopathic viral identification by PCR
how is CAV-1 treated?
barrier nurse
supportive therapy
what is prognosis for CAV-1?
depends on severity and immune response
if survive my have chronic liver or renal illness
survival means life long protections
what is CAV-2?
respiratory pathogen part of kennel cough complex causing mild disease
what is CHV-1?
fading puppy syndrome
latent infection of neural ganglia which reactivates at times of stress
how is CHV-1 transmitted?
sexually
why does CHV-1 disease tend to be just in puppies?
replicates less than 37 degrees and adults body temperature is warmer
what makes up kennel cough/canine infectious respiratory disease complex?
bordetella brocnhiseptica
canine parainfluenza
CAV-2
what is typical presentation of kennel cough?
acute URT cough
sometimes oculonasal signs or pneumonia
how is kennel cough transmitted?
aerosols
direct or fomite contact highly contagious to unvaccinated
how are systemically well dogs with kennel cough managed?
keep away from other dogs
NSAIDs if needed
resolve in 1-2 weeks
how are systemically unwell dogs with kennel cough managed?
antibiotics
radiography LRT
check for other diseases
what are risks for bacterial enterocolitis
raw fed
young
unclean environment
what is nursing care for bacterial enterocolitis?
barrier nursing hygiene IVTF analgesia anti-emetics temperature
what is bacterial enterocolitis?
infection by bacteria that normally resides in GI tract
what are clinical signs of bacterial enterocolitis?
haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea
pyrexia
sepsis
endotoxemia
what bacteria can cause bacterial enterocolitis?
campylobacter spp.
salmonella spp.
E coli
clostridium perfringens
what are signs of salmonella infection?
pyrexia
leucocytosis
GI signs
how is salmonella infection diagnosed?
faecal culture
blood culture
PCR
what is significant about cases of bacterial enterocolitis?
presence of bacteria doesnt mean cause of illness
how and when is salmonella infection treated?
antibiotics if systemically unwell
how is E coli diagnosed?
faecal culture
evaluate for pathogenicity genes
how is E coli infection treated?
antimicrobials
how does E coli infection present?
diarrhoea
granulomatous colitis
how is clostridium perfringens infection diagnosed?
LI diarrhoea
ELISA test
PCR for genes
how is clostridium perfringens treated?
metronidazole or ampicillin if systemically ill
how does acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome/AHDS cause illness?
cause pore in enterocytes so water leaks into intestinal tract causing haemoconcentration, hypovolaemia, dehydration
what is presentation of AHDS?
acute haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea abdominal pain obtunded hypovolaemic shock parvovirus
how is AHDS diagnosed?
clinical signs
high PCV with normal proteins
other causes excluded
how is AHDS treated?
IVFT
treat hypovolaemia
antibiotics if systemic illness
when does clostridium difficile likely cause disease?
secondary to toxin production
how is clostriduim difficile infection diagnosed?
faecal culture
antigen test
ELISA for toxins
how is clostridium difficile infection treated?
metronidazole if indicated
define vaccine
substance administered to stimulate immune response and immunological memory in host against specific disease
why do we vaccinate?
protection from life threatening clinical disease
herd immunity
define homeoprophylaxis
attempting to protect animal by homeopathic method
isnt classed as vaccination
define immunity
protection from disease
define active immunity
immunity acquired through vaccination
define passive immunity
immunity acquired through maternally derived antibody
what types of vaccines are considered infectious?
live
modified live
live attenuated
how does infectious vaccines produce immune response?
modified whole pathogen circulates and infects cells at low levels triggering strong immune response
state the types of non-infectious vaccines
killed
inactivated
how do non-infectious vaccines produce immune response?
adjuvents stimulate weak immune response to pathogen so multiple doses are needed for strong immune response
define antigen
substance immune system produces antibodies against
what is the active component of vaccines?
antigens
define antibody
immunoglobulin part of specific immune attack against specific antigen
how are vaccines usually stored?
fridge at 2-8 degrees
define adjuvent
substance added into vaccines
list routes of admin of vaccines
SC
intranasal
IM
oral
what are examples of mild adverse events after vaccinating?
pyrexia lethargy inappetence local swelling 2-3 days post vaccine
what are examples of severe adverse events after vaccinating?
anyphylaxis
FISS
define FISS
feline injection site sarcoma
tumour at site of injection
when shouldn’t you vaccinate?
unhealthy
on steroids or immunosuppressants
evidence of prior reaction to vaccines
already infected or recovered from disease
what is in the core canine vaccines and what type are they?
CDV- MLV
CAV-2- MLV
CPV-2- MLV
leptospirosis- inactivated
why are puppies vaccinated at 6-8 weeks initially?
low enough MDA so own immune system can produce response
what is the recommended schedule for virus puppy vaccinations following the first and why?
every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks to catch puppies with high MDA
what is typical virus vaccination schedule for puppies?
6-8 weeks old then 2-4 weeks later no earlier than 10 weeks old
what is the difference between L2 and L4 vaccine?
L4 covers more species of leptospirosis
when are leptospirosis vaccines given to puppies?
2 doses 2-4 weeks apart with core vaccines
when are canine adult vaccines given?
annually from 12 months old
core vaccines- 3 years
leptospirosis- yearly
define titre
levels of antibody in the blood
what are classed as non-core canine vaccines?
kennel cough- MLV, live, avirulent CPiV CHV Coronavirus Rabies
list the core feline vaccines and the types they are
FHV-1- MLV
FCV- MLV
FPV- MLV
when are kittens recommended to be vaccinated?
6-8 weeks then 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks
what is the typical schedule for kitten vaccinations?
8-9 weeks then 3-4 weeks later no earlier than 12 weeks
when are adult cats vaccinated?
annual vaccine from 12 months
FPV- 3 years
FHV-1 and FCV- annually
list feline non-core vaccines
FeLV chlamydia felis bordetella bronchiseptica FCoV rabies
what is the purpose of import legislation for pets?
prevents spreading disease to countries free of the disease
what is the aim of PETS?
protect UK from disease
what is needed for entry to the UK?
pet passport
microchip
rabies vaccine and boosters- 21 days before unless non-listed 3rd country then 30 days after vaccine blood test to test Ab levels then 3 months after that allowed in
what is the requirement for tapeworm for entry to UK?
treatment ideally praziquantel 1-5 days before entering given by vet and stamped in passport
what is advice for ticks when travelling?
not legal but recommend up to date prevention
what is leishmania infantum?
intracellular protozoan parasite using sand flies as vectors
zoonotic
what is the effect of leishmania infantum?
multisystemic disease
what are signs of leishmaniosis?
alopecia
crusty lesions
ulceration
eye inflammation
what is sub-clinical disease of leishmaniosis
chronic disease reservoir
what is found in clinical disease of leishmaniosis?
life threatening chronic complications
dermatological lesions
inflammation of kidney, joints, eyes
general illness signs
how is leishmaniosis diagnosed?
cytology to visualise organisms
PCR to detect DNA
serology for antibodies
define serology
blood test to measure level of antibodies in blood against specific organism
how is leishmaniosis treated?
1st month- daily injections of meglumine antimonate
for 6-12 months- daily allopurinol tablets
manage complications
rare to eliminate fully
how can leishmaniosis be prevented?
dont travel
control sandflies
leisguard
vaccinate to reduce risk of developing disease
state examples of tick borne diseases
babesia spp
ehrlichia spp
anaplasma spp
what does anaplasma and ehrlichia spp infect in the body?
neutrophils
platelets
monocytes
what are clinical signs of anaplasma and ehrlichia spp?
asymptomatic to severe thrombocytopenia
pancytopenia
multisystemic disease
how is anaplasma and ehrlichia spp diagnosed?
cytology
PCR
serology
how is anaplasma and ehrlichia spp treated?
2-4 weeks doxycycline
tick control
what is prognosis for ehrlichia spp?
guarded if chronic
what type of parasite is babesia spp?
intraerythrocytic protozoa
how can babesia spp be spread?
ticks
dog fights
iatrogenically
what are clinical signs of babesia spp?
haemolytic anaemia jaundice pigmenturia thrombocytopenia splenomegaly multiorgan failure death
how is babesia spp diagnosed?
cytology
blood smear
PCR
serology
how is babesia spp treated?
drugs
supportive treatment
what is prevention for babesia spp?
tick control
what is dirofilariasis?
heart worm that causes right sided heart disease
where is dirofilariasis found?
pulmonary arteries
what is the life cycle of dirofilariasis?
matures from L1 to L3 in 1-3 weeks L3 infects dog matures to L5 over few months L5 migrates to vascular system mates to produce L1 in circulation
what are signs of dirofilariasis?
asymptomatic at first exercise intolerance coughing tachypnoea dyspnoea lethargy fluid accumulation
how is dirofilariasis diagnosed?
blood smear to detect L1
ELISA for antigens
imaging
how is dirofilariasis treated?
vet cardiologist gives drugs to kill worms or removes surgically
what is prognosis for dirofilariasis?
high risk of thromboembolism and death
how can dirofilariasis be prevented?
prevention treatment if going to endemic country
manage mosquitos as vectors
