Repro Week 9

Question 1

What are the four types of contraceptives?

Answer 1

1) Hormonal
2) Barrier/chemical
3) Surgical
4) Natural

Question 2

What is the difference between combined oral contraceptive (COC) and progesterone only contraceptive (POC)?

Answer 2

Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC): suppresses follicle stimulation, ovulation and corpus luetum formation

Progesterone Only Contraceptive (POC): thickens cervical mucus and disrupts oviductal transport and create hostile endometrium

Question 3

What are the risks with oestrogen exposure?

Answer 3

1) increased endometrial cancer, overstimulating cell proliferation
2) Increased risk of cardiovascular complications

Question 4

Define Failure Rate based on the four methods?

Answer 4

• Surgical sterility offers the lowest failure rates
• Hormonal methods are relatively effective if used in a proper way
• Barrier/ chemical methods have the highest rate of typical failure
• Natural methods are the least reliable

Question 5

Define the following

A) Clinical infertility
B) Fecundability
C) Fecundity

Answer 5

A) Clinical infertility: inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex

B) Fecundability: probability of achieving a pregnancy in one menstrual cycle

C) Fecundity: potential to reproduce, achieving a pregnancy, resulting in one live birth

Question 6

What are the female factors in Infertility?

Answer 6

• ovulation and ovarian failure
• blockage of oviducts
• Implantation failure
• failed sperm transport
• anti-sperm antibodies
• miscarriage

Question 7

What are the male factors in infertility?

Answer 7

• poor sperm number/ motility/ morphology
• dysfunction of testes and accessory gland
• blocked ejaculatory ducts
• ejaculation disorders
• anti-sperm bodies

Question 8

Explain the problems with Meiotic Arrest in Aged Oocytes

Answer 8

• Prolonger arrest in prophase, the eggs have been in the women for a longer period of time, higher chance of being exposed to radiation and lifestyle choices
• With age, the proteins that keep the sister chromatids together weakens, leading to a high risk of errors in segregation –> Down Syndrome

Question 9

Primary Laboratory Analysis

A) Hormone Assays
B) Ultrasound
C) Test Tubal Patency
D) Semen Analysis (4) (OAAN)

Answer 9

A) Indication of hormone imbalance

B) Medical imaging

C) Test that diagnoses blocked fallopian tubes

D) Test of Sperm health 
     Oligozoospermia (less than 15 million/ml of sperm) 
     Azoospermia (No Sperm) 
     Aspermia (No ejaculate) 
     Normozoospermia

Question 10

Define Artificial Insemination

Answer 10

Introduces Sperm into the female’s cervix

• sperm is isolated by Percoll gradient
• Intrauterine insemination by cathether
• Synchronized with natured or induced (FSH and LH) ovulation

Question 11

Define In Vitro Fertilization

Answer 11

Egg is combined with the sperm outside the body

• Oocyte is retrieved from ovary
• Sperm is artificially capacitated
• Embryo is cultured in vitro
• Then transferred to uterus for natural implantation

Question 12

Define Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Answer 12

Sperm cell is injected into the cytoplasm of an egg

- Sperm is directly injected into an oocyte, chemically activated to develop

Question 13

Define Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer

Answer 13

Eggs are removed from a women’s ovaries and placed in the fallopian tubes along with the men’s sperm
- bypass blockage followed by intrauterine artificial insemination

Question 14

Define Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer

Answer 14

Zygote is placed into the fallopian tube

- newly fertilized zygote transferred back to oviduct

Question 15

Define Cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes or embryos

Answer 15

Freezing of sperm, oocytes or embryos