Repro Treatment Flashcards
Absence of oestrus (+ abnormal anoestrus) to induce oestrus (companion animal)
- PMSG (pregnant mare serum) daily admin for 10 d + chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection
- Cabergoline - daily admin until d 2 after onset of pro-oestrus, stops prolactin (maintains end of CL as luteotrophic agent), gets bitch to start cycling again (off-license, but better results)
Prolonged oestrus - follicular cysts (companion animal)
- GnRH/hCG (chorionic gonadotropin) (ovulation)
- P4 (regression)
- Manual rupture via coeliotomy or laproscopy
- Ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy
Luteal cysts (companion animal)
- Prostaglandins -> luteolysis -> regression -> restarts cycle
- Prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline), interrupts CL + stops P4 production
- Manual rupture via coeliotomy or laparoscopy
- OVE/OVH
Granulosa cell tumours (sex cord stroma tumours) (companion animal)
- Ovariohysterectomy (OVH)
Shorten the oestrous cycle (companion animal)
- hCG/PMSG
Vaginal neoplasia - leiomyomas, fibroleiomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, polyps, adenocarcinoma, SCC, leiomyosarcoma, TVT (companion animal)
- Surgical resection +/- ovariohysterectomy
Vaginal hyperplasia (companion animal)
- Conservative, will regress as oestrogens decline, prevent self-trauma by maintaining lubrication w/ KY jelly, preventing bitch from licking
Cryptorchidism (companion animal)
- Surgery - inguinal (ideal), paramedian (abdo - along length of penis + open up muscles), laparoscopic
Orchitis/epididymitis (companion animal)
- Castrate
- NSAIDs
- AB
Testicular neoplasia (sertoli cell tumour, seminoma tumour, leydig tumour) (companion animal)
- Castrate
Spermatic cord torsion (companion animal)
- Castrate
Scrotal hernia (companion animal)
- FNA
- Surgical excision - scrotal ablation + orchiectomy
Balanoposthitis (companion animal)
- Sedate, flush prepuce, anti-inflam, AB, manage underlying cause
Paraphimosis (companion animal)
- Lubricate + attempt replacement
- Cool wraps/hyperosmolar wraps
- Sedate/GA
- Replace
Phimosis (tight foreskin of penis) (companion animal)
- Surgical correction - open tip up more of prepuce
Priapism (companion animal)
- Non-ischaemic + no underlying cause identified - gabapentin, ephedrine, terbutaline (beta-2 adrenergic agonist)
- Severe ischaemia/unsuccessful medical management - perineal urethrostomy + penile amputation
Urethral prolapse (companion animal)
- Conservative (replacement) - usually not curative
- Often requires surgical amputation of prolapse + castration
Penile neoplasia (MCT, SCC, fibromas, lymphomas, papillomas, TVT; os penis: osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas) (companion animal)
- Surgery (penile amputation)
- Chemo
- Radiotherapy
Penile neoplasia - transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) (companion animal)
- Castrate
- Chemo - Vincristine (0.025 mg/kg IV once weekly)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (companion animal)
- Castration
- Off-licence - osaterone, delmadinone acetate (Tardak), finasteride, deslorelin (castration suprelorin implant, blocks production of FSH + LH -> shrinking of testicles -> less testosterone -> smaller prostate)
Prostatic cysts (companion animal)
- Medical, same as BPH - off-licence - osaterone, delmadinone acetate (Tardak), finasteride, deslorelin (castration suprelorin implant, blocks production of FSH + LH -> shrinking of testicles -> less testosterone -> smaller prostate)
- FNA
- Surgical excision
- Marsupialisation (tapping of fluid from cysts)
Prostatitis (companion animal)
- Pain relief
- AB based on culture/rational
- Tx of underlying diseases e.g. BPH
Prostatic neoplasia (companion animal)
- Surgery if no mets (complicated, refer)
- Radiation
- Chemo (does not inc survival times significantly)
- Intra-arterial chemo
- COX-2 inhibitors e.g. Parecoxib, carprofen
- Bisphosphates
Perineal hernia (companion animal)
- Address underlying disease (e.g. enlarged prostate)
- Stool softeners
- Surgical correction
Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS)
- Remove via exploratory laparotomy
Pyometra (companion animal)
- Ovariohysterectomy (preferred) - support w/ IV fluids (lactated Ringers/Hartmann’s); AB - only if blood profile abnormal/septicaemic (potentiated amoxicillin, cephalosporins - E. coli), anti-progestagens when open pyo (aglepristone = Alizin or Virbac) to dilate cervix (relaxation), inc myometrial activity, inhibition of progesterone suppression of leucocytes, not always necessary if going into remove the uterus
- Surgical drainage - flush uterus out if breeding bitch, not v successful
- Medical management - broadspectrum AB + anti-progestagens; prostaglandins (PGF2 Dinprost (Lutalyse; Zoetis, promote expulsion of the infected uterine contents); prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline: Galastop; Ceva) (in combo for prolonged period) - inhibit support of CL by prolactin
Synchronisation of oestrous cycle (cow)
- PGF2-alpha (Cloprostenol) -> induces luteolysis
- Ovsynch - d 0 give GnRH -> stimulates FSH + LH production -> ovulation, d 7= PGF2-alpha, d 9 - GnRH to prime next ovulation
- P4 synch - d 0 exogenous P4 w/ GnRH -> ovulation, endogenous P4 produced, prid removed 1 d later -> slow drop of endo P4, 24 h delay between jab + removal
Endometritis (cow)
- Intrauterine ABs - don’t work well
- Prostaglandins (cloprostenol) - if CL present -> natural heat to deliver WBCs to uterus
Pyometra (cow)
- PGF2-alpha - cloprostenol
- Intrauterine ABs - penicillin/oxytetracycline
Oestrous cycle synchronisation in seasonal breeders (sheep)
- Melatonin implants - allows lambing in December
- P4 + PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) -> oestrus + ovulation
Mastitis (cow)
- Systemic AB, penethamate hydriodide concentrates in udder, only effective systemic AB
- Intrammary AB, reach greater therapeutic concentrations quickly, lactating cow tubes (LCTs) - all target G+ (penicillins, lincosamides, 1st + 2nd gen cephalosporins), some target G- (aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) or 3rd + 4th gen cephalosporins) (+ Most LCTs have corticosteroids, prednisolone, small amount)
- Systemic NSAIDs - cure rate of clinical and toxic mastitis, intramammary corticosteroids e.g. meloxicam, ketofan, ketoprofen, flunixin
Toxic mastitis (cow)
- Fluids: IV 3 L hypertonic + 10 L Hartmann’s; PO 60 L isotonic fluids
- Flunixin meglumine anti-inflam, binds to toxins
- Strip out gland
- Oxytocin - to let milk down + clean udder
- AB - only if 2^y infection
Mastitis in dry gland (cow)
- Stripping out
- Intramammary antibiotics (lactating cow tubes)
- Systemic ABs
- Dry cow therapy - teat sealants, fly pour-on/tags
Calving injury - trauma to birth canal/neighbouring structures
- Systemic ABs
- Anti-inflam (NSAIDs/steroids)
- +/- Topical emollients
- +/- Caudal epidural anaesthesia
- Surgical repair
Post-partum haemorrhage (cow)
- Oxytocin
- Vessel location + clamping
- Pressure packing
Uterine prolapse (production animal)
- Protect uterus
- +/- IV Calcium Borogluconate
- Caudal epidural anaesthesia + NSAIDs
- Clean uterus + remove foetal membranes
- 2x assistants support uterus in a towel
- If recumbent, ‘frog-leg’ to align pelvis
- Start at vulval margins + progressively invert using knuckles
- Make sure uterus fully inverted
Aftercare:
- Oxytocin
- Calcium borogluconate
- +/- Systemic ABs - amoxicillin, doxycycline, tetracycline
- Management of haemorrhage
Metritis (cow)
- Systemic ABs
- NSAIDs
- Supportive therapy - FT
Endometritis (cow)
- Intrauterine ABs - intrauterine cefapirin (Metricure)
- Prostaglandins - F2-alpha analogue e.g. cloprostenol
Uterine inflammatory disease - puerperal (toxic) metritis (cow)
- Systemic ABs
- NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine
- Fluid resuscitation (IVFT + ORT)
- Management of concurrent disease e.g. hypocalcemia
- Nursing care
Uterine inflammatory disease - clinical metritis (cow)
- Systemic ABs
- NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine (+ meloxicam)
Retained foetal membranes (cow)
- Manual removal contraindicated
- Systemic AB therapy + NSAIDs only indicated if - metritic uterine discharge, pyrexia, systemic ill-health (e.g. inappetence/dec yield)
Uterine inflammatory disease - puerperal (toxic) metritis (cow)
- Systemic ABs
- NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine
- Fluid resuscitation (IVFT + ORT)
- Management of concurrent disease e.g. hypocalcemia
- Nursing care
Dystocia (cow)
- Accurate Dx: obstructive dystocia - disproportion/faulty posture; inadequate expulsive force/uterine inertia /+/- both
- Evaluate for potential vaginal delivery
- Apply obstetric lubricant + calving ropes
- Create space: repulse foetus, therapeutic intervention e.g. clenbuterol for ST manipulation
- Correct faulty posture/position - manipulation of foetus +/- external manipulation
- Apply appropriate degree of traction
- Appropriate aftercare - therapeutics, nursing care
Primary uterine inertia (cow)
- Assisted vaginal delivery + traction
- Tx of underlying metabolic cause e.g. hypocalcaemia
Secondary uterine inertia (cow)
- Correct obstructive dystocia + traction
- Tx of underlying metabolic cause e.g. hypocalcaemia
Obstructive dystocia - uterine torsion (cow)
- Non-surgical - +/- assisted vaginal delivery: rotation per vaginum +/- abdo ballotement; rolling; Schaffer’s method; torsion bar e.g. GynStick
- Surgical - Caesarean section (correct before uterine incision)
- Therapeutics: clenbuterol +/- epidural, NSAIDs, +/- calcium (post-correction)
Obstructive dystocia - incomplete cervical dilation, ‘Ringwomb’ (sheep)
- Re-assess in ~2 h if Dx unclear
- Careful digital dilation
- Caesarean section
Soft tissue restriction - vaginal prolapse (sheep)
Prior to parturition:
- Caudal epidural anaesthesia + NSAIDs
- Raise HLs (+/- dorsal recum)
- Prolapse replacement
- Prevention recurrence, retention - prolapse retainer ‘spoon’; harness; Buhner suture
- Elective caesarean section
In association w/ dystocia - (above +), assess for incomplete cervical dilation, assisted vaginal delivery, caesarean section
Induction of parturition (production animals)
- Prostaglandin - 5 - 100 days (+/- 100 - 150 d)
- Corticosteroids - 150 - 270 d, long-acting -> short-acting, contraindicated in dead calves
- Combo -> dec RFM + dec dystocia
Irreducible obstructive dystocia / - dead +/- decomposing calf
- Foetotomy
Induction of oestrus (mare)
- 500μg cloprostenol (estrumate) IM (synthetic prostaglandin analogue)
- Only effective if CL >5 d old, development of PG receptors
Induction of ovulation, stimulating LH surge (mare)
- Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
- Follicle 3.5 cm + uterine oedema (3-4)
- Chorulon, 1500 - 3000 iu IV
- > 80% mares ovulate within 48h (mean 36h)
Induction of ovulation, stimulating GnRH surge to induce endogenous LH secretion
- Deslorelin
- Follicle >3 cm, some uterine oedema
- Ovuplant, single SC implant in ‘bleb’ LA or 1-2 mg IM
- 90% mares ovulate within 36-42h
Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), low volume (< 1cm) (mare)
- Oxytocin - 20 iu, IM/IV
- 4 h post-breeding + continued every 6 h until cleared
Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), high volume (mare)
- Uterine lavage (up to 3 L in total) w/ saline
- Oxytocin - 20 iu, IM/IV
- Antibiosis
Twins pregnancies (mare)
- Manual reduction prior to implantation
- Separate embryos
- Administer anti-inflammatories - flunixin meglumine
- Recheck mare next day
Embryo transfer (mare)
- Synchronise ovulation between donor + recipient mares
- Inseminate donor mare
- Donor mare’s uterus flushed 7-8 d post-ovulation to retrieve embryo
- Retrieved embryo transferred into uterus of recipient mare
Damage to dorsal nerve of penis (no sensation when skin pinched) (stallion)
- Stimulate smooth muscle contractility
- Imipramine - induces erection/ejaculation
- Xylazine - induces emission
Spermiostasis (blocked ejaculatory ducts) (stallion)
- Vigorous massage of blocked ampullae + admin oxytocin prior to ejaculation
Psychogenic - overuse, poor handling, environment -> poor libido (stallion)
- Behaviour modification - tease, appropriate AV
Pneumovaginum (mare)
- Caslick’s procedure - closure of vulva below pelvic brim, restores vulval seal, but fails to correct vestibulo-vaginal seal
- Vulvoplasty - stripping of some tissure from dorsal aspect -> scar tissue forming substantial plug, restores vulval seal + vestibulo-vaginal seal
Urovaginum (mare)
- Symptomatic - usually resolves spontaneously withing 2 w as tract involutes
- Urethral extension surgery if persists
Imperforate hymen (mare, camelid)
- Break down manually
- Sectioning (guarded blade)
Uterine cysts (mare)
- Surgical ablation
Endometritis (mare)
- Intra-uterine lavage (repeated large/small vol)
- Oxytocin and or PGF
- Correct predisposing causes e.g. Caslick
- Repeat microbiology
- Manage mating as ‘high risk’ / AI - careful times, single breeding
Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), general (mare)
- 6 hours post-breeding; > 2 cm intra-luminal fluid
- 2 - 3 L sterile saline until clear
- Dilution, evacuation, pH, recruitment neutrophils
- Oxytocin (20 iu, IV &/or IM, 6 & 18h post flush) - Low volume (20 mL) intra-uterine broad spectrum antibiotic
- Single breeding
Pyometra (mare)
- Drain - intensive long-term, high-volume lavage
- Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis + Tx prognosis, may require recurrent therapy
- Grave breeding prognosis
Pyometra (mare)
- Drain - intensive long-term, high-volume lavage
- Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis + Tx prognosis, may require recurrent therapy
- Grave breeding prognosis
Endometriosis (mare)
- Mechanical curettage
- Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis (poor breeding prognosis)
Anovulatory haemorrhagic follicle (mare)
- No Tx, PG
Granulosa thecal cell tumour (GTCT) (mare)
- Hemiovariectomy = curative
Placentitis (mare)
INFECTION:
- TMPS (30 mg/kg PO BID)
- Gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg IV SID) + Pencilllin (22 mg/kg IM BID)
- Ceftiofur (2.2 - 4.4 mg/kg IV/IM BID)
INFLAMMATION:
- Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV BID)
- Phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg PO BID)
- Pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg PO BID) = blood thinner, helps maintain blood circulation
PROMOTION OF UTERINE QUIESCENCE:
- Alternogest (Regumate) (0.088 mg/kg PO SID)
MAINTAINING UTEROPLACENTAL PERFUSION
- Aspirin (prevents microthrombi formation, 10 - 20 mg/kg PO BID
- Pentoxifylline, 8.5 mg/kg PO BID
Uterine torsion (mare)
- Surgical correction - flank laparotomy/ventral midline
- Correct torsion + allow pregnancy to continue to term
- Rolling under GA (usually unsuccessful) / or during parturition, attempt to correct by transcervical manipulation
Hydrops amnion/allantois (mare)
- Induce parturition or abort mare
- Remove fluids slowly
Vaginal varicose veins (mare)
- If minimal bleeding, no treatment required
- Large vol + frequent - laser cautery or topical Tx
Ventral wall hernia/pre-pubic tendon rupture
- If catastrophic, abort
- Mild, nurse mare to term, abdominal support to hold spine, prematurely induce parturition, assist birth, c-section, don’t breed again (or only do embryo transfer)
Retained foetal membranes, > 2 h (mare)
- If mems hanging at hocks or below, tie in a knot
- Low dose oxytocin (10 - 20 iu IV hourly / 0.5 L saline + oxytocin 30 iu over 30 IV)
- Manual removal controversial - uterine lavage after
Retained foetal membranes, > 6 h (oxytocin unsuccessful + manual removal attempted) (mare)
- Admin oxytocin +/- sedative
- Tail bandage + perineum cleaned
- Apply gentle traction on allantochorion
- May need to slide hand between endometrium + allantochorion to aid separation
- IV infusion w/ oxytocin
- Systemic AB (TMPS) +/- intra-uterine antibiosis + NSAIDs
1). Twisting allantochorion is twisted upon itself to separate allantochorion from the endometrium
2). Distending allantochorion - up to 12 L of 0.1% iodine solution in saline through clean nasogastric tube + tied w/ umbilical table, maintenance of fluid 30 min before expulsion
Metritis (mare)
- Broad spectrum antibiotics - penicillin + gentamicin
- Anti-inflam (NSAIDs) - flunxin
- IVFT
- Oxytocin (20 iu every 4 - 6 h)
- Once/twice daily large volume uterine lavage (0.9% saline, 0.1% iodine solution on first lavage), repeat until recovered fluid free from gross contamination
- Broad spectrum intra uterine antibiosis
- Prevent/treat laminitis - frog supports, deep bed, stall confinement
Vestibular/vulval trauma (mare)
- Suturing - immediately post-foaling if minimal swelling
- Delayed (several weeks) if bruising/oedema severe
First degree perineal laceration
- Caslick’s suture
3rd degree perineal laceration
- Immediate treatment - antibiosis, NSAIDs
- Surgical correction - assess after second intention healing (several) weeks; laxative diet to ease trauma to repair; sedate + epidural (standing); reconstruct vaginal roof & rectal floor; ‘Caslick-like’ suture to close vulval lips
Recto-vaginal fistula (mare)
- No spontaneous resolution
- Surgical correction - same as 3rd degree perineal laceration
Urovaginum (mare)
- Symptomatic
- Urethral extension surgery if persists
Periparturient haemorrhage (mare)
- Shock therapy - IVFT - hypertonic saline followed by isotonic fluids; supplemental O2; if PCV <15 = whole blood transfusion
- Conservative therapy - light sedation (alpha-2 agonist); analgesia (flunixin/opiates); broad spectrum antibiosis (prevent abscessation of haematoma); low dose oxytocin (promote uterine involution)
Additional therapies:
- Tranexamic acid - aid in clot stabilisation, 10 mg/kg by slow IV injection up to 3 times in first 24 h
- Formalin (controversial therapy) - induce primary haemostasis, enhances endothelial/platelet activation, 16 mL of 10% buffered formalin diluted in 45 mL 0.9% saline given once slowly IV
- Naloxone - inhibits action of endogenous opioids, helps decrease vasodilation
Uterine prolapse (mare)
- Keep uterus supported w/ clean sheet
- Sedate mare +/- epidural
- Clean uterus w/ warm water or saline + inspect -> remove any remaining foetal membranes
- Massage back through vulval lips
- Distend uterus with saline to ensure tips of horns fully replaced and to lavage uterus (may cause mild to severe to colic
- Broad-spectrum antimicrobials
- NSAIDs e.g. flunixin
- Oxytocin only once replaced -> increase uterine tone
- FT if required
Hypogalactia/agalactia (mare)
- Good nutrition
- Oxytocin
- Domperidone (dopamine antagonist) - twice daily 2 - 4 / once daily 6 -8 d
Toxoplasmosis
- Isolate + decontaminate animals affected
- Neuter cats
Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) (IgG conc <8g/L) (foal)
- Gut barrier closure 12 h, give IgG via IV (commercial plasma transfusion from hyperimmunised donors) - 1 L raising IgG by 2 - 3 g
- Sedatives - diazepam (valium) (recum), easy to admin reversal; straight high dose butorphanol
- Madigan squeeze
- Supplementation w/ donor colostrum
Emergency resuscitation (foal)
- Isotonic crystalloid, Hartmann’s
- 10 mL/kg bolus then reassess to correct dehydration/hypovolaemia
- Energy - 1% or 20 mL/L of 50% glucose added to IVFT over 20 min
- Maintenance therapy - Hartmanns + 5% glucose (50:50)
- Prevent sodium overload: <3mEq/kg/day
- Maintenance fluid rate = 4 mL/kg/hr
Nutrition (foal)
- Fresh mare’s milk; mare’s milk frozen; commercial milk replacer; skimmed cow’s milk + dextrose; goat’s milk
- Ensure 10% BW/day e.g. 50 kg foal = 420 mL every 2 h
- Trophic feeding - 25 mL milk every 6 - 8 h when not tolerating enteral nutrition
- Parenteral nutrition - concentrated supply of IV carbohydrate, protein + fat
Treat/prevent sepsis (foal)
- Broad spectrum AB: Ampicillin/amikacin (first line); ceftiofur, no effect on renal func (or penicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, piperacillin, TMPS)
- Ensure adequate passive transfer
- Colostrum at < 12 h
- Plasma - 1L per 2g IgG required
- Hygiene + clean environment
Respiratory support (foal)
- Keep foals in sternal recumbency
- Intranasal O2 - low rate of humidified nasal O2, 1 - 15 L/min
- Non-invasive techniques
Seizure control (foal)
- Diazepam IV (or per rectum)
- Midazolam IV or IM
- 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg
Gastric ulceration (foal)
- Foals have more alkaline gastric pH (so acid blockers should be avoided)
- Sucralfate - localised, binding effect (20 mg/kg PO QID)
- Acid-suppressing medication e.g. omeprazole (4 mg/kg PO SID)
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (foal)
- Blood transfusion
- Inotropes/pressors for foals w/ sepsis if FT insufficient to support perfusion
Chemical contraception (exotics)
- Implants: suprelorin (deslorelin) (GnRH agonist), carnivores, female hoofstock + primates; nexplanon (etonogestrel) (P4), only females - hoofstocks + primates
- Injectables: depro-provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) (P4), females only - hoofstock, primates + carnivores; improvac (GnRH agonist) - female hoofstock
Foetal sexing (equine, bovine)
- US d 60
- Male = genital tubercles migrating towards umbilicus
- Female - genital tubercles migrating towards anus/tail
Female fecundity/fertility advanced reproductive technologies
- Superovulation (increase number of ova released / cycle)
- Embryo collection and transfer (gestation independent of donor)
- In vitro fertilisation (conception independent of donor)
- Oocyte maturation (oocyte maturation independent of donor)
- Oocyte transfer
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (overcome male infertility)
- Cloning
- Genetic salvage (unexpected death)
- Gene therapy / manipulation
Embryo collection (bovine)
- Multiple ovulation + embryo transfer (MOET), cow: superovulation, dec doses of FSH BID
- Superovulatory heat occurs 36 - 48 h after PG injection
- Flushing 7 d after heat
Embryo collection (ewe, hind (deer), bitch
- Laparotomy/laparoscopy - oviductal flush
- Superovulation
Embryo transfer (bovine)
- Epidural anaesthesia
- Identify corpus luteum -> implantation on ipsilateral horn
- / Trans-cervical deposit embryo in anterior third of uterine horn (dec trauma)
Embryo collection (equine)
- d 6/7 post AI
Oocyte pick up (OPU) (equine)
- Pre-ovulatory follicle aspiration
- Transfer to recipient mare (OT)
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Oocyte pick up (OPU) (bovine/equine)
- Superovulation with FSH (or not)
- Transvaginal ultrasound-guided Cumulus Oocyte Complex collection
- Oocyte maturation
- IVF/ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
- Transfer to synchronised recipients and/or freeze embryos
- Salvage procedure - post-mortem
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (equine)
- Oocyte pick up
- In-vitro maturation
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- In-vitro culture
- Embryo transfer
- Cryopreservation
Epididymal sperm collection
- Collection - post-castration/post-mortem
- Transport - < 18 h, 5 °C before flushing
Cloning
- 1). Nuclear transfer
- 2). Blastomere cloning - 4/8 cell stage
