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VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 > Neurology Therapeutics > Flashcards

Neurology Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

Mycophenolate

A
  • Immunosuppressive agent
  • Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis; meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); myasthenia gravis
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2
Q

Leflunomide

A
  • Immunosuppressive agent
  • Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis; meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); myasthenia gravis
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3
Q

Cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine)

A
  • Immunosuppressive agent = low-dose radiotherapy to brain, chemo
  • Meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); possible lymphoma
  • Check haem + biochem prior to admin + 7d after injection if unwell
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4
Q

Dexamethasone, prednisolone

A
  • Corticosteroids - cross BBB, prevent oedema + inflam
  • Simple immunosuppression in CNS diseases, listeria meningoencephalitis; myasthenia gravis
  • AE - can cause abortion due to high fever
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5
Q

Azathioprine

A
  • Immunosuppressive, alternative to mycophenolate
  • Not in cats
  • Myasthenia gravis
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6
Q

Lomustine

A
  • Immunosuppressive
  • Meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); possible lymphoma
  • Check haem + bichem prior to admin + 7d after injection if unwell
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7
Q

Ciclosporin

A
  • Immunosuppressive agent
  • Expensive
  • Useful for cats + eosinophilic disease
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8
Q

GS-5734 (remdesivir)

A
  • Nucleoside analogue (legal)
  • Metabolised to GS-441524 in cat -> incorporated into viral RNA + prevents replication of virus
  • Given IV/SC (start IV)
  • FIP
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9
Q

GS-441524

A
  • Nucleoside analogue
  • 50 mg tablets, convert to oral after 2w
  • FIP
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10
Q

Minocycline

A
  • AB
  • Reduces neuro-inflam
  • For neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) (seizures, visual loss, cognitive function deficits, difficulties eating)
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11
Q

Oral magnesium sulfate

A
  • Precipitates lead in GIT
  • Lead intoxication
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12
Q

IV EDTA

A
  • Binds to lead
  • Lead intoxication
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13
Q

Vinegar

A
  • w/ oral fluids to relive bloat
  • Urea intoxication
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14
Q

Thiamine/Vit B1

A
  • Sulfur intoxication, CCN (polioencephalomalacia/cerebrocortical necrosis)
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15
Q

Penicillin

A
  • Systemic AB
  • Streptococcal meningitis (Strep suis type 1)
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16
Q

Potentiated sulphonamide, Amoxycillin

A
  • Bacterial meningitis (poultry); spinal osteomyelitis (poultry) - enterococcus spp.
17
Q

Cephalosporin (e.g. cephalexin) (+ enrofloxacin = 2nd line)

A
  • Broad spectrum AB
  • High dose, at least 2 m
  • Bacterial discospondylitis; aspiration pneumonia (megaoesophagus) - fulminant (severe + acute onset) myasthenia gravis
18
Q

Pyridostimine bromide (mestinon)

A
  • Anticholinesterase
  • Titrated slowly to effect, CRI
  • Myasthenia gravis
19
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • Anticholinesterase - improves muscle tone by preventing ACh attaching to receptors, muscle is less able to tighten
  • SQ - shorter-acting
  • Myasthenia gravis
20
Q

L-deprenyl (Selegiline)

A
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, inc noradrenalin and dopamine, neuroprotective functions: improves memory & longevity; anxiety/social withdraw
  • Dogs O.5-1mg/kg PO SID;
  • Cats 1mg/kg PO SID (not licensed)
  • At least 4 weeks before positive effect may be seen (typically 8 weeks)
  • Monoamine oxidase-increased cognitive function disorders
21
Q

Propentofylline

A
  • Neuroprotection - increases the molecular signal adenosine, improves cerebral blood flow, glial cell modulator: stimulates astrocytes (protect nerve cells from inflammatory mediators, free radicals + glutamate), depresses microglial cells (inflam cells)
  • Not licensed in cats
  • Cognitive decline
22
Q

Melatonin, Alprazolam

A
  • Sundown syndrome/sleep disorder
23
Q

Dexdomitor

A
  • Sedative - reduces muscle spasm + brain metabolic requirements
  • Stupor/coma mangement
24
Q

Prazosin

A
  • Alpha-adrenergenic antagonist (smooth muscle relxant), reduces internal sphincter tone)
  • Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
  • Caution renal disease
  • Monitor BP
25
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A
  • Alpha-adrenergenic antagonist (smooth muscle relaxant), reduces internal sphincter tone)
  • Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
  • Expensive
  • AE: hypotension, CNS, GI effects
26
Q

Diazepam

A
  • Skeletal muscle relaxant
  • Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
  • Caution in cats (liver failure)
27
Q

Bethanechol

A
  • Promotes detrusor activity (only works if there is already some detrusor activity present), so not used often
  • Cholinergic agent
  • Neurogenic bladder - only when no urethral spasm/outflow obstruction (not for UMN bladder in T/L spinal disease)
  • AE: salivation, lacrimation, cholinergic crisis
28
Q

Phenylpropanolamine (incurin)

A
  • Sympathomimetic
  • Sphincter mechanism incompetence (leakage of urine during storage) - e.g. neuromuscular disease in male dogs (polymyositis)/older female spayed dogs -> inc contractions
  • AE: Restlessness, irritability, hypertension, anorexia
29
Q

Imepitoin (pexion)

A
  • Short half-life (1.5h), steady state in 3 day
  • Targeted action (binds when GABA present synapse (partial agonist) -> opens ion channel -> ions enter to balance out +ive ions)
  • No therapeutic monitoring (no blood monitoring) but need to ensure that dose is therapeutic (serum)
  • Less adverse effects: sedation, hepatoxicity, PUPD, polyphagia
  • Anxiolytic effect; epilepsy/seizure
30
Q

Toxicoid vaccine

A
  • Tetanus injection
31
Q

L-carnitine

A
  • Non-specific mitochondrial disease Tx, useful for metabolic brain disease
  • Neuronal ceroid-lipidfuscinoses (NCL)
32
Q

Mannitol

A
  • Improves cerebral blood flow; free radical scavenger; reverses blood-brain osmotic gradient; reduces extracellular fluid; lowers blood viscosity
  • AE: repeated administration can result in hyperosmolar state and lead to acute renal failure, maybe give 30 - 60 min post furosemide
  • Vasogenic cerebral oedema - brain tumour, coma
  • Osmolar substance, give IV over 30 - 60 min
  • E.g. Hepatic encephalopathy
33
Q

KBr

A
  • Bromide - more likely to cross channel instead of Cl- dec positive charger (polarise)
  • Can be used in combo w/ PB/Imepitoin
  • Seizures
  • AEs: sedation, GI irritation - megaoesophagus, inc dietary salt, takes 4 - 6m to become stable, PUPD, pancreatitis - affects Cl- channels -> chronic D+, neurological/NM deficits
34
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • Epilepsy control
  • AEs: initial sedation, inc appetite, hepatotoxicity, PUPD
  • Serum conc aim: 100 - 140 µmol/L / 20 - 28 µg/mL
35
Q

Valacyclovir

A
  • Antiviral
  • Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy
36
Q

Betamethasone

A
  • Salt poisoning / water deprivation in pigs

VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 (20 decks)

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