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VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 > Repro Therapeutics > Flashcards

Repro Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) (female)

A
  • Ovarian agenesis Dx (absence of oestrus) - test E2 levels to see if inc if ovarian tissue present
  • Induces oestrus; follicular cysts to induce ovulation
  • Dog
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2
Q

PMSG = pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

A
  • Absence of oestrus - requires daily admin of PMSG for 10d following injection of HCG (chorionic gonadotropin hormone)
  • Bitch should start cycling 7d after, inc FSH + LH -> oestrus
  • Induces oestrus
  • Dog
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3
Q

Cabergoline

A
  • Absence of oestrus, luteal ovarian cysts
  • Daily admin until day 2 after onset of PO
  • Off license but better results
  • Inhibits prolactin (maintains CL) -> short circuits oestrous cycle, gets bitch cycling again
  • Induces oestrus
  • Dog
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4
Q

Progesterone (P4)

A
  • Regression of follicular ovarian cysts (if for cows)
  • Better to just spay if companion animal
  • Dog
  • When don’t have follicle/CL present -> synchronisation, start of oestrous cycle
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5
Q

Prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha Dinoprost) (Lutalyse; Zoetius)

A
  • Regression of luteal ovarian cysts but takes longer than P4, causes luteolysis (doesn’t work on follicular cysts as no CL present)
  • Possible medical management for pyometra
  • Endometritis - induces natural oestrus, delivery of WBCs to uterus, against T. pyogenes/E. coli
  • Induction of parturition - what would be produced from placenta in parturition, can be used in combo w/ corticosteroids (150 - 270 days)
  • Causes uterine contractions
  • Interrupts CL + stops P4 production
  • Canine CL not as responsive as other species
  • Brachycephalic breeds susceptible to bronchospasm
  • Need to ensure not pregnant + cervix is open
  • Dog
  • Cattle - 5 - 100 days (+/- 100 - 150 days)
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6
Q

Vincristine

A
  • TVT - given 0.025 mg/kg IV once weekly
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7
Q

Osaterone, delmadinone acetate (tardak), finasteride, deslorelin

A
  • Off-licence in dogs to dec testosterone for BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
  • Deslorelin = suprelorin implant; castration implant, blocks production of FSH + LH, GnRH agonist, testicles shrink down in size, less testosterone
  • Dog
  • Ferret - hyperadrenocorticism (adrenal gland disease AGD)
  • Exotics, carnivores, female hoofstock, primates (males/females) - prevent ovulation + sperm production (suprelorin), can take 6 - 8 w to work in males, may last twice manufacturer recommendation (12 - 24 m)
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8
Q

Parecoxib, carprofen

A
  • NSAIDs - COX-2 inhibitors for prostatic neoplasia, adenocarcinoma most common
  • Maintaining QOL
  • Dog
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9
Q

Aglepristone (Alizin; Virbac)

A
  • Antiprogestagen (anti-progesterone)
  • Accidental matings + possible medical management for pyometra
  • Marked affinity for progesterone receptors in uterus -> blocks action of P4
  • Dilates + relaxes cervix; inc myometrial activity; inhibition of P4 suppression of leucocytes; interrupts CLs
  • Dog, hamster
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10
Q

Cabergoline (Galastop; Ceva)

A
  • Prolactin inhibitors - pyometra medical management + false pregnancies to inhibit milk let down
  • Inhibits support of CL by prolactin -> stops supporting P4 -> CL will regress, cervix will open + clear infection
  • Dog
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11
Q

Penethamate hydriodide

A
  • Systemic AB used for mastitis, only systemic AB that can cross blood-udder mem + high conc in udder
  • When more than one quarter is affected
  • Cattle
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12
Q

Penicillins, lincosamides, 1st + 2nd gen cephalosporins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G+ bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
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13
Q

Aminoglycosides, 3rd + 4th gen cephalosprins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G- bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
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14
Q

Flunixin meglumine

A
  • NSAID
  • Toxic mastitis in cattle; puerperal (toxic) metritis; clinical metritis; manual reduction of twin pregnancy in mare; uterine laceration; uterine prolapse
  • Binds to toxins
  • Cattle, horses
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15
Q

Intramammary cloxacillin

A
  • Only AB licensed in sheep for mastitis
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16
Q

Amoxicillin / doxytetracycline

A
  • Systemic AB
  • Calving injury - trauma to birth canal / neighbouring structures; uterine prolapse; metritis: puerperal (toxic) metritis, clinical metritis
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17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • After parturition (large animals)
  • Contracts uterus + occludes small blood vv
  • Post-partum haemorrhage - promotes uterine involution; persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE); metritis; hypogalactia/agalactia
  • Uterine prolapse once replaced -> inc uterine tone / dystocia - post-calving for uterus involution
  • Retained foetal membranes (low dose IM hourly)
  • Milk letdown
  • Toxic mastitis - cleans udder, milk let-down
  • Maternal bonding
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18
Q

Metricure

A
  • Intrauterine cefapirin - baceteriogical cure AB
  • Chronic endometritis
  • Only intrauterine AB licensed in cattle
  • Esp when no CL present in ovary
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19
Q

Doxapram

A
  • NSAID
  • Calves + lambs
  • Stimulates respiration in neonates, dystocia
  • No longer available
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20
Q

Caudal epidural anaesthesia

A
  • Dystocia - prevention of abdominal contractions: to aid obstetrical manoeuvres; caesarean section; replacement of prolapsed uterus/vaginal prolapse, makes cow go down
  • Location - last moveable vertebral joint: cattle: Co1 to Co2, hinge bit where tail moves; sheep: S4 to Co1
  • LA (not licensed): procaine w/ adrenaline
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21
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • AKA Planipart
  • Beta-2 receptor agonist = smooth muscle relaxant
  • Dystocia - relaxes uterus for prepping birth canal in heifers + opens up uterus, aid to obstetrical manoeuvres; caesarean section (can find incision made); replacement of prolapsed uterus; uterine torsion
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22
Q

Oxytocin / calcium

A
  • Uterotonics -> uterine contraction
  • Dystocia
  • Following Clenbuterol use - reverses effects
  • Control of post-partum haemorrhage
  • Management of uterine prolapse (after replacement)
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23
Q

Cloprostenol

A
  • AKA Estrumate
  • Synthetic analogue of PGF2-alpha
  • Induces luteolysis
  • Tx of pyometra; synchronisation of oestrous cycle
  • Oestrus in 2-5 d depending on follicle size, serve to natural heat
  • 2nd dose 10-11d later for fixed timed AI, ensures CL large enough
  • Cattle, horses, dogs
  • AE - can cause colic in mares due to smooth muscle contraction, don’t inject women -> abortion
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24
Q

Ovsynch (not crucial to remember for exams)

A
  • Day 0 = give GnRH, stimulates FSH + LH production -> ovulation of follicle (when have follicle present, give GnRH)
  • Day 7 = PGF2-alpha
  • Day 9 = GnRH to prime next ovulation
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25
Q

P4 synch (not crucial to remember for exams)

A
  • Day 0 = exo P4 w/ GnRH = stimulating ovulation
  • Endogenous P4 being produced -> ovulation -> CL formation
  • Two forms of P4
  • 7 - 9 d (depends on type of cow) - PG, gets rid of any CL
  • Remove prid 1d later - luteolysis takes 24 hr, get slow drop of endo P4
    ◦ 24h delay between jab + removal
26
Q

P4 synch (not crucial to remember for exams)

A
  • Day 0 = exo P4 w/ GnRH = stimulating ovulation
  • Endogenous P4 being produced -> ovulation -> CL formation
  • Two forms of P4
  • 7 - 9 d (depends on type of cow) - PG, gets rid of any CL
  • Remove prid 1d later - luteolysis takes 24 hr, get slow drop of endo P4
    ◦ 24h delay between jab + removal
27
Q

Oestrous cycle synchronisation summary in cattle

A
  • CL = PG
  • Follicle = GnRH
  • Want to synchronise/don’t have anything = P4
28
Q

GnRH

A
  • When follicle/follicular cyst present
  • Induces LH surge, gets rid of cyst
29
Q

Calcium

A
  • Hypocalcaemia when dec muscle contractions, weak contractions
  • Dystocia
30
Q

Melatonin implants

A
  • Not used in UK for sheep
  • Sheep = seasonally polyoestrus, allows for lambing in December
  • Ferrets - suppresses GnRH release -> suppression of FSH + LH for hyperadrenocorticism
31
Q

CIDR bolus

A
  • P4 implants in comb w/ PMSG
  • Equivalent of prid/exogenous jab -> endo P4
  • Exogenous P4
  • If starting cycle earlier
  • Sheep
32
Q

P4 + PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)

A
  • Induction and synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation
  • Anoestrus
  • Tighten lambing period
33
Q

Leuprolide acetate (LUPRON)

A
  • GnRH agonist - suppresses LH release through desensitisation
  • Hyperadrencorticism
  • Ferret
34
Q

Chorulon

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
  • Stimulates LH surge - induction of ovulation
  • Follicle 3.5 cm + uterine oedema 3-4 cm
  • 1500 - 3000 iu, IV
  • > 80% mares ovulate within 48hr (mean 46hr)
35
Q

Deslorelin

A
  • Stimulate GnRH to induce endogenous LH secretion
  • Follicle >3 cm + some uterine oedema
  • Single, sub-cut implant/IM
  • 90% mares ovulate within 36 - 42 hr
36
Q

Imipramine

A
  • Induces erection/ejaculation
  • Damage of dorsal nerve of penis (no sensation when skin pinched)
  • Stallion
37
Q

Xylazine

A
  • Induces emission
  • Spermiostasis - blocked ejaculatory ducts
  • Stallion
38
Q

Regu-mate (altrenogest)

A
  • Suppresses oestrus in mares
  • Synthetic P4 analogue
  • Promoting uterine quiescence - placentitis - inhibits receptor formation, prevents prostaglandin-induced abortion
39
Q

TMPS / Gentamicin (+Penicillin) / Ceftiofur

A
  • Antimicrobials that cross placental barrier
  • Placentitis; RFM; metritis; uterine laceration
  • TMPS - shown alone to improve pregnancy outcome in placentitis
  • Ceftiofur - distributes more widely in foal to get to same level as plasma (foals, sepsis)
  • Horses
40
Q

Flunixin meglumine / Phenylbutazone / Pentoxifylline

A
  • Reduce inflammation in placenta, inhibit action of prostaglandins which may promote abortion
  • Placentitis; metritis
  • Horses
41
Q

Aspirin / Pentoxifylline

A
  • Maintain uteroplacental perfusion
  • Aspirin - prevents microthrombi formation
  • Placentitis
  • Horses
42
Q

Gabapentin, ephedrine, terbutaline

A
  • Non-ischaemic (no cause identified) priapism = persistent erection
43
Q

Progestagens - Ovarid, Delvosteron

A
  • Postponement of heat
  • Some skin conditions in cats
44
Q

Oestrogens

A
  • Enhance stimulatory effect of progesterone on uterus (sensitise progesterone receptors)
  • Not often used in UK, exogenous use, misalliance, significantly increases risk of pyometra
  • Accidental matings
45
Q

Tranexamic acid

A
  • Anti-fibrinolytic, aids in clot stabilisation
  • Periparturient haemorrhage
  • Expensive
  • Horses
46
Q

Formalin

A
  • Induces primary haemostasis, enhanced endothelial or platelet activation
  • Controversial therapy
  • Periparturient haemorrhage
  • Horses
47
Q

Naloxone

A
  • Inhibits action of endogenous opioids, helps dec vasodilation
  • Expensive
  • Periparturient haemorrhage
  • Horses
48
Q

Domperidone

A
  • Dopamine antagonist
  • Hypogalactia/agalactia (poor milk production)
  • Horses
49
Q

Inverted L block

A
  • Local anaesthetic
  • Standing procedures, dystocia in cows
50
Q

Leuprolide acetate

A
  • GnRH agonist, suppresses LH release through desensitisation
  • Ferrets - hyperadrenocorticism
51
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Rapid relief of hypersensitivity reaction
  • E.g. Bovine albumin cross-reacting with plasma -> reaction in foal
52
Q

Diazepam (Valium)

A
  • Sedative
  • Foal, plasma transfusion, will make recumbent
  • Can be reversed by Flumazenil, make foal get back up
53
Q

Butorphanol

A
  • Sedative
  • Naughty foal for plasma transfusion, high dose, 5 mg, won’t become recumbent
54
Q

Amipicillin + Amikacin

A
  • Broad spectrum AB
  • Sepsis in foals first line Tx
  • But have renal side effects (Gentamicin most nephrotoxic), use Ceftiofur if worried e.g. foal w/ underdeveloped renal func
55
Q

Diazepam / Midazolam

A
  • Seizure control, short-term
  • Diazepam IV (or per rectum)
  • Midazolam IV/IM (adv)
  • Foal
56
Q

Phosphate / acetyl cysteine retention enema

A
  • Meconium retention/impaction in foals
  • Dissolves coating of meconium
57
Q

Sucralfate (Antepsin)

A
  • Acid blocker - localised, binding effect
  • Gastric ulceration, in young foals related to systemic disease + abnormal perfusion (but usually avoid as foals have more alkaline gastric pH)
58
Q

Omeprazole

A
  • Acid-suppressing, gastric ulceration
59
Q

Nexplanon (etonogestrel)

A
  • Chemical contraception - implant
  • Progesterone - inhibit follicle development + prevents ovulation + changes uterine environment, -ive feedback prevents GnRH release (human medication)
  • Females only
  • Immediate effect
  • Lasts for 2 y
  • Exotics - hoofstock + primates (avoid in carnivores)
60
Q

Depo-provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate)

A
  • Injectable chemical contraception
  • Progesterone - suppresses FSH + LH preventing ovulation + sperm production
  • Females only
  • Exotics - hoofstock, primates, carnivores
  • Repeat injection every 2 - 4 m, effective within 2 - 3 d
  • Can impact parturition, lactation + maternal behaviour
61
Q

Improvac

A
  • GnRH agonist - suppresses FSH + LH preventing ovulation + sperm production
  • Females only
  • Hoofstock only
  • Require course of primary vaccinations 4 - 6 w apart, then repeat injection every 4 m; considered effective 4 w after second primary injection
  • [Pig castration - induces antibodies against GnRH to produce a temporary immunological suppression of testicular function]
62
Q

Alizin

A
  • Termination of pregnancy - contains Aglepristone, a progesterone receptor antagonist that blocks the hormone needed for implantation and placental development, causing abortion

VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 (20 decks)

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