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Step 1 > Repro Embryology > Flashcards

Repro Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Sonic hedgehod gene

A

Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing. Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis. Involved in CNS development; mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.

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2
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb). necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis.

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3
Q

FGF gene

A

Produced at ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

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4
Q

Homeobox genes

A

Involved in segmental organization of embryo in a craniocaudal direction. hox mutation leads to appendages in wrong locations.

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5
Q

Within Week 1

A

hCG secretion around time of implantation of blastocyst

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6
Q

Within Week 2

A

Bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast). 2 weeks= 2 layers

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7
Q

Within Week 3

A

Trilaminar disc. 3 weeks = 3 layers.
Gastrulation.
Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm, and its organization, and neural plate begin to form.

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8
Q

Weeks 3-8 (embryonic period)

A

Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens.

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9
Q

Week 4

A

Heart begins to beat. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form. 4 weeks = 4 limbs.

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10
Q

Week 6

A

Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal u/s

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11
Q

Week 10

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics

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12
Q

How does gastrulation happen

A

Starts with epiblast invaginating to form the primitive streak, eventually establishing ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers.

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13
Q

What is primitive streak?

A

Forms in the blastula stage?????????????

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14
Q

What is a craniopharyngioma

A

Benign Rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystal, calcifications.

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15
Q

Mesodermal defects = ?

A

VACTERL: Vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, limb defects (bone and muscle)

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16
Q

What kind of tissue is notochord?

A

Mesodermal

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17
Q

What is agenesis

A

Absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

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18
Q

What is aplasia

A

Absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue

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19
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

incomplete organ development; primordial tissue present

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20
Q

What is deformation

A

Extrinsic disruption; occurs after the embryonic period

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21
Q

What is disruption

A

Secondary breakdown of a previously normal tissue or structure (e.g. amniotic band syndrome)

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22
Q

What is malformation

A

Intrinsic disruption; occurs during the embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

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23
Q

What is sequence

A

Abnormalities result from a single primary embryological event (oligohydramnios resulting in Potter sequence)

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24
Q

Know what the embryologic derivaties are

A

………..

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25
Q

When are embryos most sensitive to teratogens?

A

Weeks 3-8. Before week 3: all or none effects. After week 8: Growth and function affected

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26
Q

Dizygotic twins aminion and chorion

A

Always diamniotic and dichrionic

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27
Q

What percent of twins are dizygotic

A

80%, monozygotic makes up 20%

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28
Q

Dichorionic, diamniotic monozygotes

A

Happens between 2-cell stage and morula stage, between 0-4 days post-fertilization (25%). can have fused or separate placenta

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29
Q

Diamniotic, monochorionic

A

Happens between Morula to blastocyst stage, 4-8 days, 75% of identical twins

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30
Q

Monochorionic, monoamniotic

A

If not conjoined, it happens between blastocyst and formed embryonic disc stage between 8-12 days and is 13 days

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31
Q

Components of placenta

A

Fetal component: cytotrophoblast (inner layer of chorionic villi), syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer of villi, secretes hCG)

Maternal component: Derived from the endometrium. Maternal blood in lacunae.

32
Q

Where do umbilical arteries come from

A

Fetal internal iliac arteries

33
Q

Allantois

A

Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from allantois

34
Q

Urachus

A

3rd week: yolk sac forms allantois, which extends into the urogenital sinus. Allantois becomes the urachus, a duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac.

35
Q

patent urachus

A

urine discharge from umbilicus

36
Q

Urachal cyst:

A

artial failure of urachus to obliterate; fluid-filled cavity linked with uroepithelium, between umbilicus and bladder. Can lead to infection, adenocarcinoma.

37
Q

Vesicourachul diverticulum:

A

outpouching of bladder

38
Q

Vitelline duct

A

7th week: obliteration of vitelline duct (omphalo-mesenteric duct), which connects yolk sac to midgut lumen

39
Q

Vitelline fistula

A

Meconium discharge from umbilicus

40
Q

Meckel diverticulum

A

Partial closure, with patent portion attached to ileum (true diverticulum). May have ectopic gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tissue leading to melena, periumbilical pain, and ulcers.

41
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A

1st: Part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid) (1st arch is MAXimal)
2nd: Stapedial artery and hyoid artery (second=stapedial)
3rd: Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery. (C is 3rd letter of alphabet).
4th: On left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of R subclavian artery (4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic)
6th: Proximal part of pulm. arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus (6th arch=pulm. and the pulm.-to-systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus)

42
Q

Organization of primitive pharynx

A

CAP (outside to inside): Cleft-Arch-Pouch

Cleft (Grooves) is ectoderm, Arch is mesoderm/neural crest (muscles, arteries, bones, cartilage), and Pouch is endoderm

43
Q

Branchial Cleft Derivatives

A

1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus
2nd through 4th cleft forms temproary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme.
Persistent cervical sinus leads to branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck.

44
Q

Know Branchial Arch Derivatives

A

???????????????

45
Q

Which trigeminal branch is sensory only

A

V2

46
Q

Mnemonic for branchial arch derivatives

A

When at the restaurant of the golden arches, children first tend to CHEW (1), then smile (2), then swallow stylishly (3) or simply swallow (4), and then speak (6)

47
Q

What branchial arch doesn’t contribute to major developmental changes.

A

Arch 5

48
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate leading to mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities

49
Q

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

A

Persistence of cleft and pouch leading to fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck

50
Q

What arches form the posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Arches 3 and 4

51
Q

Cleft lip

A

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal process (formation of primary palate)

52
Q

Cleft palate

A

Failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine processes or failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with the nasal septum and/or median palatine process (formation of secondary palate).

53
Q

Mnemonic for branchial pouches

A

Ear, Tonsils, bottom-to-top: 1. Ear 2. Tonsils 3. Dorsal (bottom for inferior parathryoids) 3. Ventral Thymus 4. Top: superior parathyroids

54
Q

DiGeorge Branchial pouches

A

Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches (T cell deficiency (thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development). Associated with cardiac defects (conotruncal anomalies)

55
Q

MEN 2A Branchial pouches

A

Mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells): Adrenal medulla (pheo), Parathyroid (tumor): 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch. Parafollicular cells (medullary thyroid cancer); derived from neural crest cells, associated with 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches

56
Q

In women: what duct degenerates and which one develops

A

Mesonephrics degenerate and paramesonephrics develop

57
Q

Male genital embryo

A

SRY on Y chromosome: Testis Determining Factor (testes development): Sertoli cells secrete MIF that suppresses paramesonephrics. Leydig cells secrete androgens that stimulate the development of mesonephric ducts.

58
Q

Paramesonephrics (Mullerian)

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina (lower portion from urogenital sinus). Mullerian duct abnormalities result in anatomical defects that may present as primary amenorrhea in females with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics (functional ovaries)

59
Q

Mesonephrics (Wolffian)

A

Develops into male internal structures (except prostate): Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens (SEED)

60
Q

Bicornuate uterus

A

Incomplete fusion of paramesonephrics: recurrent miscarriages

61
Q

What do Leydig cells produce and effect

A

Testosterone, develops mesonephrics (Wolffian): male internal genitalia except prostate

62
Q

What does DHT do

A

Turns genital tubercle, urogenital sinus into the male external genitalia, prostate

63
Q

What do Sertoli cells do

A

Produce Mullerian Inhibitory Factor: degenerates paramesonephrics (Mullerian) duct (female internal genitalia)

64
Q

What happens if you lack sertoli cells

A

OR if you lack MIF: male and female internal genitali and male external genitalia

65
Q

What happens if you have 5alpha-reductase deficiency

A

Can’t turn testosterone into DHT; male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (increased testosterone levels cause masculinization)

66
Q

in men, what does the genital tubercle produce

A

Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

67
Q

What does urogenital sinus produce in men

A

Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper), Prostate gland, ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

68
Q

What does labioscrotal swelling in men produce

A

Scrotum

69
Q

In women: what does genital tubercle produce

A

Glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs

70
Q

In women: what does the urogenital sinus produce

A

Greater vestibular glands of Bartholin, Urthreal and paraurethral glands of Skene

71
Q

In women: what does urogential folds produce

A

Labia minora

72
Q

In women: what does labioscrotal swelling form

A

Labia majora

73
Q

Why fix hypospadias?

A

To prevent UTIs

74
Q

What is epispadias associated with

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

75
Q

What does gubernaculum produce in women

A

Ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus

76
Q

What happens to processus vaginalis in men and women

A

In Men: forms tunica vaginalis, In women: it is obliterated

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