Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step 1 > Neuroanatomy/Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy/Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Friedreich ataxia genetics

A

Aut. rec. GAA repeats on chromsome 9 gene: frataxin (iron binding protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Friedreich ataxia path

A

Defective frataxin leads to impairment in mitochondrial functioning. Degeneratino of multiple spinal cord tracts leading to muscle weakness and loss of DTRs, vibratory sense, and proprioception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Friedreich ataxia mnemonic

A

Friedreich is Fratastic (frataxin): very fratty, stumbling, staggering, falling, but has a big heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Friedreich ataxia presentation

A

Childhood with kyphoscoliosis, with staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, dysarthria, pes vacus, hammer toes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which is the cause of death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brown-Sequard presentation

A

Hemisection of cord.
Motor: Ipsilateral UMN signs below lesion, with flaccid paralysis at the level of the lesion.
Sensory: Proprioception, vibration, pressure, and touch are impaired below the level of the lesion. Pain and tempeature loss below the level of the lesion 1-2 down because the spinothalamic tract rises up before crossing over. At the level of the lesion, all sensation is lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brown-sequard above T1 can have

A

May have Horner syndrome due to damage of oculosympathetic pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause a Horner’s

A

Pancoast tumor, cord hemisection, late-stage syringomyelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What controls ptosis in Horner’s

A

Superior tarsal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pathway for sympathetic control by Horner’s

A

Oculosympathetic 3 neuron pathway: hypothalamus to intermediolateral column of spinal cord (lateral horn) at T1, then to superior cervical ganglion at C2 next to carotid bifurcation, with the final 3rd neurons controlling the end functions, running along the appropriate carotid artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

C2 dermatome

A

posterior half of a skull “cap”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

C3 dermatome

A

high turtleneck shirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

C4 dermatome

A

low-collar shirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T4 dermatome

A

at the nipple [teat pore]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T7 dermatome

A

at the xiphoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T10 dermatome

A

at the umbilicus (important for early appendicitis pain referral) [belly butTEN]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

L1 dermatome

A

at the inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

L4 dermatome

A

Includes kneecaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S2,3,4 dermatome

A

erection and sensation of penile and anal zones [S2,3,4 keeps the penis off the floor]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diaphragm and gallbladder shoulder pain

A

Referred to right shoulder via phrenic C3,4,5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biceps reflex roots

A

C5,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Triceps reflex roots

A

C7,8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Patellar reflex roots

A

L3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Achilles reflex roots

A

S1,S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anal wink reflex roots

A

S3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cremaster reflex roots
L1,L2
26
Galant reflex
Stroking one side of newbown spine causes lateral flexion of lower body toward the stimulated side
27
Know where the CNs and other structures are on a ventral view of the brain
......
28
fact: The cranial nerves are numbered based on how cephalad they are. I is the front most and XII is back most.
.
29
What CNs lie medially at brain stem
III, VI, XII (motor=medial)
30
Superior colliculi function
conjugate vertical gaze center
31
Inferior colliculi function
auditory
32
Parinaud syndrome
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi.
33
Colliculi mnemonic
Eyes above your ears.
34
Corneal reflex
``` V1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch) afferent VII (temporal branch; orbicularis oculi) efferent ```
35
Lacrimation reflex
V1 (loss of reflex does not preclude emotional tears) afferent VII efferent
36
Jaw Jerk reflex
V3 (muscle spindle from masseter) afferent | V3 (masseter) efferent
37
Pupillary reflex
II afferent | III efferent
38
Gag reflex
In IX, out X
39
Sphincter pupillae nucleus
Edinger-Westphal (muscarinic receptors)
40
Salivatino control
Facial is submandibular and sublingual. | Glossopharyngeal is parotid
41
Stapedius control
Facial
42
Stylopharyngeus control
Glossopharyngeal, elevates pharynx
43
Aortic arch chemo- and barorreceptors
Vagus
44
Carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors
Glossopharyngeal
45
Alar plate forms what CNs
sensory
46
Basal plate forms what CNs
Motor
47
Pons CN nuclei
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
48
Midbrain CN nuclei
CN III, IV
49
Medulla CN nuclei
CN IX, X, XII
50
Spinal cord CN nuclei
CN XI
51
Nucleus Solitarius
Visceral Sensory information (taste, baroreceptors, gut distention). CN VII, IX, X
52
Nucleus aMbiguus
Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation). IX, X, XI (cranial portion)
53
Dorsal motor nucleus
Sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart, lungs, and upper GI. X.
54
fact: Cavernous sinus has III, IV, and VI for EOM control and V1,V2 run through it. It surrounds the pituitary.
.
55
CN V motor lesion
Jaw deviates towards side of lesion due to unopposed pterygoid muscle on good side.
56
fact: low frequency at apex of cochlea near helicotrema (wide and flexible), high freq. at base of cochlea (thin and rigid)
.
57
Know how Rinne and Weber test match up to different hearing loss.
Conductive: Rinne B>A, Weber louder at bad side Sensorineural: Rinne A>B, Weber louder on good side
58
fact: UMN facial nerve lesions affect contralateral side except forehead. LMN facial nerve lesions are ipsilateral and affect entire face
.
59
What are the jaws of mastication
Close jaw: Medial pterygoid, Masseter, teMporalis (M's munch) Open jaw: Lateral Pterygoid (Lateral lowers) All by V3
60
hyperopia
eye too short
61
myopia
eye too long
62
uveitis
anterior uvea and iris, hypopyon (sterile pus), conjunctival redness: sarcoid, RA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, HLA-B27-associated conditions
63
retinitis
foten viral (CMV, HSV, HZV), immunosuppresion associated, retinal edema and necrosis
64
what is the cherry red spot
isn't it that the choroidal vessels are closer to the surface so it appears more red at the fovea????
65
treating proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections
66
Treating non-proliferative DM retinopathy
blood sugar control, macular laser
67
macular laser???
?????
68
pathway of aqueous humor
Made by ciliary epithelium then flows from posterior chamber into anterior chamber through pupil then through the trabecular meshwork into the Canal of Schlemm.
69
Dilator pupillae NT receptor
alpha1
70
Sphinget pupillae NT receptor
M3
71
Ciliary epithelium NT receptor
beta
72
Ciliary muscle NT receptor
M3
73
glaucoma visual field loss
peripheral visual field loss
74
open angle glaucoma risk factors
age, blacks, FH, more common in the US
75
open angle causes
Primary is unclear. Secondary to anything that blocks the trabecular meshwork: WBCs, RBCs, retinal elements.
76
closed/narrow angle primary and secondary causes
primary: lens seals up entrance to anterior chamber, fluid builds up behind and then closes off the angle secondary: hypoxia from retinal disease induces vasoproliferation in iris that contracts angle
77
Chronic closure glaucoma
Asx with damage to ptic nerve and peripheral vision
78
Acute angle closure
ophthalmic emergency. increased IOP pushes iris forward leading to angle closing abruptly. Painful, sudden vision loss, halos around lights, rock-hard eye, frontal HA. Don't give epinephrine because of mydriatic effect.
79
CN III damage presentation
down and out; ptosis, pupillary dilation, loss of accommodation
80
What does superior oblique do?
Inward rotates, abducts, and while adducted (depresses eye)
81
CN IV damage presentation
Eye moves upward, particularly with contralateral gaze (b/c normally depresses while eye is adducted). Eye is extorted, elevated, and adducted a bit more so you tilt your head toward the good side, this aligns up the rotation, elevation, and adduction.
82
Testing the muscles
To test IO and SO, have them adduct the eyes (SO depresses when adducted, IR depressed while abducted)
83
Think about how the SO moves the eye
When the eye is abducted, the angle of insertion can only intort the eye. When the eye is adducted, it can actually pull the eye downards.
84
Afferent pupillary defect called
Marcus Gunn pupil
85
Miosis constriction pathway
Edinger-Westphal nucleus of CN III activates ciliary ganglion to activate ciliary nerves and pupillary sphincter muscles.
86
Diabetes infarct of what CN
CN III, leads to ptosis, down and out gaze
87
CN III parasympathetic output damage
Compression, Pcomm aneurysm, uncal herniation leads to absent pupillary light reflex, blown pupil with down and out gaze
88
Retinal detachment presentation
High myopic patients with curtain drawn down. surgical emergency
89
Age related macular degeneration sxs
Metamorphopsia and eventual loss of central vision (scotomas)
90
dry macular degeneration
nonexudative, >80%: drusen in and beneath Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium with gradual vision loss. Tx with multivitamins and antioxidants
91
wet macular degeneration
exudative, 10-15%: bleeding secondary to choroidal neovascularization leading to rapid vision loss. Treat with anti-VEGF
92
Meyer's loop
Inferior retina, loops around inferior horn of lateral ventricle
93
Dorsal optic radiation
Superior retina; takes shortest path via internal capsule
94
What does image look like when it hits the primary visual cortex
upside down and left-right reversed
95
Explain internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Defect in eye edduction. Lateral gaze initiated by CN VI affecting lateral rectus, it fires through the contralateral MLF to activate CN III to fire the medial rectus. So if you have a Right INO, your Right MLF isn't working so you can't adduct your R eye. The lateral rectus will have a nystagmus as a result. Convergence is preserved. [MLF in MS]

Step 1 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions