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Step 1 > MSK Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

MSK Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of Epidermis

A

Statum Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum (spine=desmosomes), Basale (stem cell site) [Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis]

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2
Q

Tight Junction

A

Zonula Ocludens; no paracellular transport; found apically; composed of claudins and occludins

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3
Q

Adherens junction

A

Zonula adherens: Below tight junction, belt with actin cytoskeletons with CADherins (Ca2+ dependent adhesion proteins).

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4
Q

Loss of what protein promotes metastasis

A

E-cadherin

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5
Q

Desmosome

A

Macula adherens: structural support via keratin interactions. Pemphigus vulgaris has autoantibodies. Desmoplakin between the cells.

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6
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Connects keratin in basal cells to underlying basement membrane. Bullous pemphigoid

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7
Q

Integrins function

A

Maintain integrity of basolateral membrane by binding to collagen and laminin in basement membrane

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8
Q

McMurray test

A

Pain on external rotation is medial meniscus tear

Pain on internal rotation is lateral meniscus tear

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9
Q

Unhappy triad of Knee Injuries

A

ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus. Lateral meniscus injury is more common.

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10
Q

Where is pudendal nerve block given

A

Ischial spine

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11
Q

Innervation of rotator cuff

A

C5-C6
Suprascapular nerve: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis
Axillary nerve: Teres minor (lies below the infraspinatus)

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12
Q

Pitching injury

A

Infraspinatus

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13
Q

fact: infraspinatus is below the scapular spine (so teres minor is below the infraspinatus)

A

.

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14
Q

Name the carpal bones

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, captiate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

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15
Q

Carpal bone mnemonic

A

Some Lovers Try Posititions That They Can’t Handle

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16
Q

What carpal articulates with the thumb

A

Trapezium

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17
Q

Winged scapule nerve

A

Long Thoracic Nerve

18
Q

Erb’s palsy trunk

A

Upper trunk (C5-C6) [Erb-er]

19
Q

Klumpke palsy trunk

A

Lower trunk (C8-T1)

20
Q

Klumpke palsy presentation

A

Intrinsic hand muscles: lumbicals, interossei, thenar, hypothenar. CLAW HAND

21
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Compression of lower trunk and subclavian vessels, same as klumpke with symptoms of vascular compression (ischemic signs)

22
Q

Wrist drop injury

A

Posterior cord of brachial plexus

23
Q

Deltoid paralysis injury

A

Axillary nerve

24
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

Radial nerve

25
Q

Difficulty flexing elbow, variable sensory loss injury

A

Musculocutaneous

26
Q

Decreased thumb function, “Pope’s blessing” injury

A

Median nerve

27
Q

Intrinsic muscles of hand, claw hand

A

Ulnar nerve

28
Q

Hypothenar and Thenar eminence movements

A

Oppose, Abduct, and Flex (OAF)

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle contraction steps

A
  1. Action potential depolarizes presynaptic membrane opening up voltage gated Ca2+ channels leading to ACh release.
  2. ACh binds NAChR on muscle leading to depolarization which spreads down the T tubules.
  3. Depolarization of voltage-sensitive dihydropyridine receptor mechanically coupled to the ryanodine receptor on SR results in Ca2+ release.
  4. Ca2+ binds troponin C, moving tropomyosin out of the myosin binding groove on actin filaments.
  5. ATP cocks the myosin head which then binds actin, the power stroke doesn’t use ATP hydrolysis.
  6. Shortening of H and I bands and Z lines (HIZ shrinkage), but A band is always same length
30
Q

How does the power stroke work?

A

Actin increases the myosin ATPase activity, that’s why myosin doesn’t burn off ATP otherwise.
ATP binding is what pulls myosin off of actin.

31
Q

Smooth muscle contraction

A

L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channel activates Ca2+-calmodulin complex leading to Myosin-light-chain kinase activity for contraction.

32
Q

Two types of bone formation

A

Endochondral ossification and Membranous ossification

33
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Axial, appendicular, and base of skull. Cartilage first, then woven bone, then lamellar bone.

34
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

In layers (lamella) and is mechanically stronger than woven bone.

35
Q

What happens in fracturse and Paget’s

A

Woven bone grows in

36
Q

Membranous ossification

A

Bones of calvarium and facial bones. Woven bone formed directly without cartilage, later remodeled to lamellar bone.

37
Q

Osteoblasts function

A

secrete collagen and catalyze mineralization. Mesenchymcal stem cells in periosteum

38
Q

osteoclasts function

A

Multinucleated cells that dissolve bone with acid and collagenases. From monocytes/macrophages

39
Q

PTH on bone

A

low, intermittent levels is anabolic on bone. High PTH levels chroncially is catabolic (osteitis fibrosa cystica)

40
Q

Estrogen and bone

A

Inhibits apoptosis of osteoblasts and induces apoptosis of osteoclasts.

Step 1 (34 decks)

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