Hem/Onc, Renal, Repro, and Pulm Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
anisocytosis
A
varying sizes
2
Q
poikilocytosis
A
varying shapes
3
Q
life span of RBC
A
120 days
4
Q
glucose use in RBCs
A
90% glycolysis, 10% HMP shunt
5
Q
What channel do RBCs have
A
chloride-bicarb antiporter to allow export of HCO3 and transport of CO2
6
Q
platelet lifespan
A
8-10 days
7
Q
vWF receptor
A
GpIb
8
Q
Fibrinogen receptor
A
GpIIb/IIIa
9
Q
What granules do platelets contain
A
Dense granules and alpha granules
10
Q
What do dense granules have
A
ADP and calcium
11
Q
What do alpha granules have
A
vWF and fibrinogen
12
Q
What is the WBC differential from highest to lower
A
Neutrophils Like Making Everythign Better PMNs 54-62% Lymphocytes (25-33%) Monocytes (3-7%) Eosinophils 1-3% Basophils 0-0.75%
13
Q
What granules due PMNs have
A
small and numerous granules and larger, less numerous azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
14
Q
PMN small granule contents
A
ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin
15
Q
PMN lysosome contents
A
Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, and beta-glucuronidase
16
Q
How many lobes is hypersegmented PMNs
A
5 or more lobes
17
Q
Shape of monocyte nucleus
A
Kidney-Shaped. with extensive frosted glass cytoplasm.
18
Q
What activates macrophages
A
gamma-interferon
19
Q
What is cell surface marker for macrophages
A
CD14
20
Q
Actions of eosinophils
A
Helminths (major basic protein).
Highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes.
Produces histaminase and arylsulfatase (helps limit reaction following mast cell degranulation)
21
Q
Causes of eosinophlia
A
NAACP Neoplasia Asthma Allergic Processes Connective tissue diseases Parasites (invasive)
22
Q
Nucleus of eosinophil
A
Bilobate
23
Q
Basophil granules
A
Basophilic granules contaiing heparin, histamine, and leukotrienes
24
Q
When can you see basophilia
A
Particularly CML
25
Mast cell reaction
Binds Fc portion of IgE to membrane. IgE cross-links upon antigen binding, causing degranulation, which release histamine; heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factors
26
What prevents mast cell degranulation
Cromolyn sodium (asthma PPx)
27
What receptors on B cells
CD19 and CD20
28
What receptors on T cells
CD3, CD4/8, CD28 (costimulatory signal)
29
What does CD (e.g. CD20) stand for
Cluster of Differentiation
30
What are the most common lymphocytes
T cells (80%)
31
What are the subdivisions of the renal circulation
Renal artery to Segmental artery to Interlobar to Arcuate to Interlobular
32
Interlobar art. run along what
Along the sides of the medullary pyramids
33
Arcuate art. runs along what
Runs along the top of the medullary pyramids
34
Where are the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus cells located
Between the Efferent Arteriole and the Distal Renal Tuble Macula densa cells
35
Ureters pathway mnemonic
Water (ureters) under the bridge (uterine arteries, ductus deferens)
36
Lymph drainage ovaries/testes
Para-aortic lymph nodes
37
Distal vagina/vulva/scrotum lymph drainage
Superficial inguinal nodes
38
Proximal vagina/uterus lymph drainage
Obturator, external iliac, and hypogastric nodes
39
Where is mesometrium?
Below the ovaries and ovarian ligament (part of broad ligament)
40
Where is mesosalpinx?
Between ovary and fallopian tube (part of broad ligament)
41
What is the mesovarium?
Part of broad ligament, covers the ovary attached to the infundibulopelvic ligament
42
Where are uterine vessels found
In the cardinal ligament
43
Where are the ovarian vessels found
Infundibulopelivc ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovaries)
44
The gubernaculum forms what
Round ligament and ovarian ligament
45
What does the round ligament do
Connects uterine fundus to labia majora
46
Where does round ligament travel
Through round inguinal canal; above the artery of sampson.
47
Endocervix histo
Simple columnar epithelium
48
Transformation zone histo
Squamocolumnar junction (most common area for cervical cancer)
49
Uterus histo
Simple columnar epithelium with long tubular glands
50
Fallopian tube histo
Simple columnar epithelium, many ciliated cells, few secretory (peg) cells
51
Ovary, outer surface histo
Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary)
52
Name the pathway of sperm during ejaculation
```
SEVEN UP:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Nothing
urethra
Penis
```
53
What causes erection in men
Parasympathetics
NO increases cGMP and smooth muscle relaxation, promotes erections
Norepinephrine increases ICF Ca2+, smooth muscle contraction, antierection
54
What nerve for erection, emission, and ejaculation
Erection: Pelvic nerve (parasympathetics)
Emission: Hypogastric nerve (sympathetics)
Ejaculation: Pudendal nerve (visceral and somatic nerves)
55
Sildenafil and vardenafil MOA
inhibit cGMP breakdown
56
Pathway of sperm production
```
Spermatogonium (gonna be a sperm)
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids
Spermatozoan in th elumen of seminiferous tubule
```
57
What do sertoli cells secrete
Inhibin: inhibits FSH
Androgen-binding protein
MIF
They have tight junctions producing blood-testis barrier preventing autoimmune attack of sperm
58
Sertoli cells and temperature
Decrease sperm production and decrease inhibin with inc. temperature (varicocele, cryptorchidism)
59
Leydig cells and temperature
Testosterone production unaffected by temperature
60
Where to find aromatase?
Leydig cells
61
Sertoli cell enzyme
Aromatase: testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen
62
Cartilage and goblet cells in conducting zone
Extend to end of bronchi
63
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
Extend to beginning of terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells
64
Airway smooth muscles
Extend to end of terminal bronchioles (sparse beyond this point)
65
What cells in the respiratory bronchioles
Cuboidal cells
66
Respiratory zone histo
no cilia, alveolar macrophages celar debris and participate in immune response
67
Type 1 cells
97% of alveolar surface, thin squamous
68
Type 2 cells
Secrete surfactant; cuboidal and clustered. Precursors to type I and II cells. proliferate during lung damage
69
Club (Clara) cells
Nonciliated; low-columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules. Secrete compnoent of surfactant; degrade toxins; act as reserve cells
70
Surfactant composition
mix of lecithins, most important is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
71
When is surfactant first made
Around week 26, but not mature until week 35
72
lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio
>2.0 in amniotic fluid indicates fetal lung maturity
73
Collapsing pressure on alveoli equation
P= 2(surface tension)/radius
| As radius shrinks, collapsing pressure increases.
74
Aspirate a peanut while upright
lower portion of R inferior lobe
75
Aspirate a peanut while supine
superior portion of R inferior lobe
76
Relation of pulm. artery to the bronchus
RALS: right-anterior, left-superior
77
Diaphragm at T8
IVC
78
Diaphragm at T10
Esophagus, vagus (CN 10; 2 trunks)
79
Diaphragm at T12
Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein. (T-1-2 red, white and blue)
80
Phrenic nerve roots
C3,4,5
81
Shoulder innervation
C5
82
Trapezius ridge innervation
C3,4
83
mnemonic for diaphragm structures
I ate ten eggs at twelve.
IVC 8
10 Esophagus
Aorta 12
