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Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells

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2
Q

What does fertilization produce?

A

Zygote

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3
Q

What are gonads?

A

Reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones

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4
Q

What are gubernaculum testis?

A

Cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extend from inferior part of each testis to posterior wall of a small inferior pocket of peritoneum. As development proceeds, testis are held in position

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5
Q

What happens in the 7th month of production in males?

A

Hormones cause contraction of gubernaculum testis and changes their relative position. This is descent of testes

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6
Q

After descent of testes, BVs, vas deferens, and nerves stay in what?

A

Spermatic cord

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7
Q

What are inguinal canals?

A

Narrow canals linking scrotal chambers with peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

Perineal raphe length

A

Middle of peritoneum from anus, across scrotum, and along anterior surface of penis

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9
Q

What does scrotal cavity separate?

A

Inner surface of scrotum from outer surface of testis

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10
Q

What is tunica vaginalis?

A

Serous membrane that lines scrotal cavity covering outside of testis. Reduces friction

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11
Q

What does tunica albuginea form?

A

It is directly on testis and forms septa

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12
Q

What does the scrotum consist of?

A

Thin layer of skin and superficial fascia

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13
Q

Describe dartos muscle

A

Smooth muscle always in tonic contraction underlying scrotum making wrinkled appearance. Assists in elevation

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14
Q

Describe cremaster muscle

A

Skeletal muscle that elevates testis.

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15
Q

When does contraction of cremaster occur?

A

During sexual arousal and response to changes in temp

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16
Q

What nerves supply the scrotum?

A

Hypogastric plexus

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17
Q

What three arteries supply the scrotum?

A

Internal pudenal artery (from internal iliac), external pudenal ( femoral a), and cremaster branch of inferior epigastric artery (from external iliac a)

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18
Q

What best defines the mediastinum of testes?

A

Septa created by tunica albuginea

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19
Q

Septa partition testis into

A

Lobules

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20
Q

What are present in lobules?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

Where does sperm production occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

Go from septa to efferent ductules

A

Septa, lobules, seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules

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23
Q

What does the straight tubule enter?

A

Mediastinum of testis

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24
Q

What are rete testis formed by?

A

Interconnected straight tubules

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25
Q

What connects rete testis to the epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules

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26
Q

What is another name for leydig cells?

A

Interstitial cells

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27
Q

Where are leydig cells?

A

In loose connective tissue in external spaces between tubules

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28
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A

Produce androgens

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29
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process of producing sperm cells beginning at outermost layer of cells in seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

How many spermatids do we get per spermatocyte?

A

4

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31
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

Most outer layer cells in seminiferous tubules. Undergo mitosis as stem cells to begin spermatogenesis. These form during embryonic development but are dormant until puberty

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32
Q

What is difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis makes individual and mitosis makes multiple pairs

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33
Q

Are primary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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34
Q

What does primary spermatocyte go through to produce secondary spermatocyte?

A

Meiosis I

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35
Q

What does secondary spermatocyte go through to produce spermatids?

A

Meiosis II

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36
Q

What is the process of turning spermatids into spermatozoa called?

A

Spermiogenesis

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37
Q

Leydig cells make testosterone in response to which hormone?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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38
Q

What hormones stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone and FSH

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39
Q

What are spermatocyte undergoing meiosis called?

A

Spermatogonia

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40
Q

What are spermatids in during Spermiogenesis?

A

Nurse cells

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41
Q

What marks the end of Spermiogenesis?

A

Detachment of sperm cell from nurse cell into lumen of seminiferous tubules

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42
Q

How long does Spermiogenesis take?

A

9 weeks

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43
Q

How does nurse cells maintain blood testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions. Isolate lumen portion of seminiferous tubules from surrounding interstitial fluid

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44
Q

What is the lumen portion of the seminiferous tubules rich in?

A

Potassium, androgens, estrogens, amino acids

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45
Q

What are nurse cells stimulated by?

A

FSH and testosterone

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46
Q

What is inhibin?

A

Secreted by nurse cells it depresses FSH and GnRH allowing faster amount of sperm production

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47
Q

What does androgen binding protein do?

A

Secreted by nurse cells it elevates androgens in tubules stimulating Spermiogenesis

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48
Q

What does the head of a spermatozoa contain?

A

Acrosomal cap. Which has enzymes involved in fertilization

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49
Q

What does the neck of a spermatozoon contain relating to mitosis?

A

Centrioles of original spermatids

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50
Q

What does the middle piece have that contributes to moving the flagella?

A

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Mitochondria are located in what region of the spermatozoon?

A

Neck

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52
Q

What is the primary source of nutrient for spermatozoon?

A

Fructose

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53
Q

What are structure the spermatozoon does not have?

A

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, perioxsosomes

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54
Q

What is the lumen of the epididymis lined with?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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55
Q

What part of the epididymis receives spermatozoa from efferent ducts?

A

Head

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56
Q

What part of the epididymis is involved in sperm storage?

A

Tail

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57
Q

How does epididymis adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion into tubular fluid

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58
Q

How long does it take for spermatozoa to pass through epididymis?

A

2 weeks

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59
Q

When spermatozoa reaches epididymis what best describes its maturity?

A

Physically mature but functionally immature

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60
Q

What is capacitation, where does it happen, and what are the steps?

A

Process by which spermatozoa are mobile and functional within epididymis. The spermatozoa are motile when mixed with section of seminal glands and capable of fertilization when permeability of plasmalemma changes in female reproductive tract

61
Q

What structure acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa?

A

Epididymis

62
Q

What prevents premature capacitation?

A

Epididymis

63
Q

What kind of contractions propel sperm along vas deferens?

A

Peristaltic contractions

64
Q

What is the vas deferens lined with?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

65
Q

Can the vas deferens store sperm?

66
Q

What structures store sperm?

A

Epididymis and vas deferens

67
Q

What marks start of ejaculatory duct?

A

Junction of ampulla with base of seminal gland

68
Q

What are the functions of accessory glands?

A

Activating spermatozoa, nutrients for spermatozoa motility, produce buffers for acidic environment entry

69
Q

What kind of lining does seminal glands have?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

70
Q

What percentage of semen does seminal vesicles contribute?

71
Q

When does seminal glands discharge?

72
Q

What part of the nervous system contracts glands and vas deferens?

A

Sympathetic

73
Q

Secretion from which gland leads to flagellum activation?

A

Seminal gland

74
Q

What kind of glands does prostate gland have?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar glands

75
Q

What kind of epithelium does prostate gland have?

A

Simple columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

76
Q

What percentage of semen does prostate produce

77
Q

What is seminalplasmin?

A

Secreted by prostate. Believed to be antibiotic preventing urinary tract infection in males

78
Q

What epithelium lines bulbourethral glands?

A

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

79
Q

What kind of glands are in bulbourethral glands?

A

Compound tubuloalveolar glands

80
Q

What do cowpers gland secrete?

A

Alkaline mucus

81
Q

What is the average amount of ejaculate produced?

82
Q

What secretes smegma?

A

Preputal glands

83
Q

What best describes the penis in resting state?

A

Arterial branches are constricted and muscular partitions are tense. Reduces blood flow to erectile tissue

84
Q

What happens when parasympathetic activation gets to penis?

A

Smooth muscles relax. Blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, vascular channels are engorged in blood and erection occurs

85
Q

What forms the glans of penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

86
Q

What are the two steps of semen release?

A

Ejaculation and emission

87
Q

What muscles insert if side of penis and stiffen it?

A

Ischiocavernous muscle

88
Q

What muscle helps push semen to external urethral orifice and wraps around base of penis?

A

Bulboongiosus muscle

89
Q

What is mesovarium?

A

Thickened fold of broad ligament that supports and stabilizes position of ovary

90
Q

What is mesosalpinx?

A

Part of broad ligament that attaches to uterine tube

91
Q

What best describes recto uterine pouch?

A

Pocket formed between posterior wall of uterus and anterior surface of colon

92
Q

What best describes vesicouterine pouch?

A

Pocket between anterior wall of uterus and posterior wall of urinary bladder

93
Q

What movement does broad ligament limit?

A

Side to side movement and rotation

94
Q

What are ovaries responsible for?

A

Secretion of hormones and production of ova

95
Q

What structures stabilize ovary

A

Mesovarium, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament

96
Q

Where is ovarian ligament span?

A

Lateral wall of uterus to medial surface of ovary

97
Q

Where is suspensory ligament span?

A

Lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall

98
Q

What ligament do ovarian artery and vein travel through?

A

Suspensory ligament

99
Q

What directly coves ovary?

A

Visceral peritoneum

100
Q

The visceral peritoneum is made of cuboidal epithelium called

A

Germinal epithelium

101
Q

What does germinal epithelium overlie?

A

Tunica albuginea of ovary

102
Q

Where does production of gametes occur in ovary?

A

Ovarian cortex

103
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of female gametes. Begins at birth, remains dormant until puberty, and ends at menopause

104
Q

Steps of ovarian cycle starting at oogonia?

A

Oogonia. Primary oocyte. Primordial follicle. Primary follicle. Secondary follicle. Tertiary follicle. Polar body or secondary oocyte. Secondary oocyte. Ovum if fertilized and nonfunctional polar body

105
Q

What makes up the primordial ovarian follicle?

A

Primary oocyte and follicle cells

106
Q

What triggers ovarian cycle?

107
Q

What is Zona pellucida?

A

Space opens up between oocyte and follicular cells at primary follicle

108
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

Follicle cells providing nutrients to oocyte in primary follicle

109
Q

When does thecal cells form?

A

As follicular cells thicken and multiply in primary follicle

110
Q

What cells work together to secrete estrogen?

A

Thecal cells and granulosa cells

111
Q

What is the most important estrogen?

112
Q

What best describes secondary follicle?

A

Follicle wall thickens and follicular fluid is secreted and accumulates. Separating cells of inner and outer layer of follicle

113
Q

When does teritary follicle form?

A

10-14 days into ovarian cycle

114
Q

Where is the oocyte in the teritary follicle?

A

Antrum surrounded by granulosa cells

115
Q

Why do we get a polar body and secondary oocyte from tertiary follicle?

A

Since the cytoplasm of primary oocyte is not evenly distributed

116
Q

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, what phase does it go through and what does it become?

A

Metaphase of meiosis II and it becomes an ovum

117
Q

What is corona radiata?

A

What oocyte and follicular cells are called when they lose connection with follicular wall and drift in Antrum

118
Q

What day does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14 of 28 day cycle

119
Q

What keeps corona radiata attached to ovary without direct movement?

A

Follicular fluid

120
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

Rise in LH

121
Q

What does corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone

122
Q

What forms corpus luteum?

A

Follicular cells invading empty follicle

123
Q

What signals formation of corpus albicans?

A

Progesterone falls, estrogen falls. Corpus luteum degrades and fibroblasts invade it

124
Q

What ends ovarian cycle?

A

Disintegration of corpus luteum

125
Q

How long is luteal phase?

A

14 days. Begins at ovulation, ends at death of corpus luteum

126
Q

Decline in progesterone and estrogen stimulate what hormone release?

A

GnRH which causes rise in FSH and LH

127
Q

What is atresia?

A

Degrade of secondary follicles

128
Q

What kind of tissue is found in uterine tube?

A

Ciliated and nonciliated simple columnar

129
Q

Where do unfertilized oocyte deteriorate?

A

Uterine tubes

130
Q

How long does it take for oocyte to travel infundibulum to uterine chamber?

131
Q

What is the normal bend of the uterus called?

A

Anteflexion

132
Q

What is span uterosacral ligament?

A

Lateral side of uterus to anterior sacrum. Keeping uterus from moving anteriorly and inferiorly

133
Q

Round ligament of uterus

A

Lateral of uterus to ending in CT of external genitalia. They restrict posterior movement

134
Q

Cardinal ligaments

A

Extend from base of uterus and vagina to lateral wall of pelvis preventing inferior movement

135
Q

Where does uterine arteries come from?

A

Internal iliac arteries and ovarian arteries

136
Q

Arteries in myometrium superficial to deep

A

Uterine artery. Arcuate artery. Radial artery. Straight artery. Spiral artery.

137
Q

What does the spiral artery supply?

A

Stratum functionalis

138
Q

What does SRY and TDF?

139
Q

At what week will you see penis on fetus?

140
Q

What is the sexually indifferent stage in embryo?

A

5 to 6 weeks

141
Q

What does the mesonephric duct become?

A

Fallopian tubes and secretes MIF

142
Q

What does the paramesonephric duct become?

A

Female structures

143
Q

What can the genital tubercle become?

A

Penis/uterus

144
Q

What can the urogenital fold become?

A

Labia minora and scrotal raphe

145
Q

What does the labioscrotal fold become?

A

Labia majora and scrotum

146
Q

At 6 weeks what can you see on embryo?

A

Genital tubercle,urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold. Tail

147
Q

At 8 weeks what can you see on embryo?

A

Glans, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold, phallus

148
Q

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Will have penis, scrotum, but no testes. No Y chromosome will have ovary no MIF

149
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

No testosterone receptors. Very high levels of testosterone in blood. XY individual. Infertile. Testes inside, female outside

Anatomy (16 decks)

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