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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

What does the pericardial sac secrete and which part?

A

Serous fluid from parietal pericardium

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3
Q

If there is less contraction force, what happens to blood pressure?

A

It lowers

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4
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Bleeding into pericardial cavity and a clot forms. To treat clot is scooped out and sealed off

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5
Q

Where is myocardium the thickest?

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

What allows for ionic charges in muscle cell?

A

Gap junctions

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7
Q

What prevents cardiac muscle from tearing apart?

A

Desmosomes

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8
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Branched, uninucleate, striated, and have intercalated discs with gap junctions

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9
Q

What all brings blood to right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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10
Q

What muscle is on the anterior heart wall?

A

Pectinate muscle

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11
Q

What muscle is on posterior heart wall?

A

Smooth muscle

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12
Q

If blood goes in opposite direction what is that called?

A

A heart murmur

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13
Q

What do chordae tendinae do?

A

Close valves when pressure is on them

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14
Q

What muscle is on auricles?

A

Pectinate muscle

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15
Q

What produces the sounds heard through a stethoscope?

A

Closing of valves

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16
Q

What do septal marginal trabeculae do?

A

Prevent ventricle from overfilling

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17
Q

What do moderator bands do?

A

Moderate the amount of stretch in the right ventricle. Allows for greater contraction depolarizing quicker

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18
Q

What valve causes the first sound of contraction?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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19
Q

What valves cause the second sound of contraction?

A

Semilunar valves closing

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20
Q

What are problems with prosthetic heart valves?

A

Thrombosis, infection, structural failure, dehiscence, disproportion

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21
Q

What is dehiscence

A

Separation from prosthetic valve suture line from the heart, leading to paravascular leakage

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22
Q

Disproption of heart valve is what?

A

Prosthetic valve may not fit well In heart, so blood flow is not optimal

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23
Q

Blockage to which artery leads to death?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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24
Q

What is the biggest factor in smaller BVs?

A

Resistance

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25
Q

Pathway conduction system

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers

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26
Q

Function of AV node

A

Pauses conduction allowing atrium to complete contraction as blood goes ventricles. Causes about 100 msec delay

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27
Q

Once impulse reaches purkinje fibers, what happens?

A

Ventricular contraction begins

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28
Q

What is the QRS complex caused by?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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29
Q

What is the T wave caused by?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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30
Q

What is P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

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31
Q

What does Ach do?

A

Decreases heart rate

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32
Q

What connects to SA and AV node for sympathetic activation?

A

Postganglionic fibers.

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33
Q

What do postganglionic fibers secrete?

A

Epinephrine

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34
Q

What does epinephrine do and what is it secreted by?

A

Increases heart rate, strength of contraction, and cardiac output

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35
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies which sulcus?

A

Central sulcus

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36
Q

If there is a stroke in posterior cerebral artery what may be effected?

A

Vision

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37
Q

If there is a stroke in anterior cerebral artery what may be effected?

A

Speech

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38
Q

What are the 5 special fetal structures of the cardiovascular system?

A

Ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries

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39
Q

Fetal structure of ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

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40
Q

Fetal structure of fossa ovalis

A

Formen ovale

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41
Q

Fetal structure of ligamentum venosum

A

Ductus venosum

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42
Q

Fetal structure of ligamentum teres

A

Umbilical vein

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43
Q

Fetal structure of medial umbilical ligaments?

A

Umbilical arteries

44
Q

What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

Hole in membranous or muscular portions of intraventricular septum that produces a left to right shunt, more severe with larger defects

45
Q

What is atrial septal defect? (ASD)

A

Hole in interatrial septum produces a modest left to right shunt. Blue baby

46
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

Ductus arteriosus remains open and left to right shunt develops

47
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonic stenosis results in right ventricular hypertrophy and right to left shunt across a VSD which has an overriding aorta

48
Q

Transposition of great vessels

A

Aorta rises from right ventricle and pulmonic trunk from left ventricle. There is right to left shunting. VSD or ASD with PDA is needed for survival

49
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels superficial to deep

A

Adventitia, media, intima

50
Q

Functions of heart

A

Transport O2, Transport nutrients, transport hormones, transport antibodies, transport waste to kidneys

51
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small thin walled vessels that interconnect arteries and veins

52
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

In the mediastinum

53
Q

What is fibrous pericardium made of?

A

Dense irregular CT

54
Q

The serous pericardium includes what?

A

Visceral and parietal pericardium

55
Q

What does pericardial fluid do?

A

Found within pericardial cavity, it reduces friction between opposing surfaces

56
Q

What is epicardium made of?

A

Areolar CT

57
Q

What tissue makes up endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

58
Q

What do intercalated discs have that make them special?

A

Desmosomes connecting sarcolemma, fascia adherens which allows cells to pull with max efficiency, gap junctions

59
Q

Why is cardiac muscle called a functional synctium?

A

Contraction of one cell causes contraction of others

60
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Elasticity of pericardium may be reduced due to inflammation of pericardium

61
Q

What kind of pericardium are valves?

A

Endocardium

62
Q

What separates the right and left atria?

A

Interatrial septum

63
Q

How long is foramen ovale present?

A

5th week until birth

64
Q

If foramen ovale does not close what happens?

A

Efficiency of systemic circulation is reduced leading to cardiac enlargement, fluid buildup in lungs, and heart failure

65
Q

What is the span of the moderator band?

A

From interventricular septum in right ventricle to bases of papillary muscles

66
Q

What are the names for the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Mitral valve and bicuspid valve

67
Q

Is there a moderator band in left ventricle?

A

No

68
Q

What prevents aortic semilunar valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta?

A

Aortic sinuses where right and left coronary arteries originate

69
Q

For their contractions, which ventricle relies on the others pressure?

A

Right relies on left because of its thinner wall

70
Q

What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

A

Distance between base and apex decreases and diameter of ventricular chamber decreases

71
Q

What is the extensive connective tissue network that encircle base of pulmonary trunk and valves of the heart?

A

Fibrous skeleton

72
Q

What are functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Stabilizing positions of muscle cells and valves. Providing physical support for cardiac muscle cells for blood vessels and nerves in myocardium, distribute forces of contraction, reinforcing valves preventing over expansion of heart, helping heart return to original shape after contraction, isolates atrial muscle cells from, ventricle muscle cells for coordination of contraction

73
Q

Branches of which artery supply the sinoatrial node?

A

Coronary artery

74
Q

Anastomoses

A

Interconnection between arteries/veins that keeps blood flow constant regardless of pressure fluctuations

75
Q

What is an example of an anastomoses?

A

In the coronary circuit. Small branches from LAD to posterior interventricular artery

76
Q

Coronary ischemia

A

Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque

77
Q

Angina pectoris

A

First symptoms of CAD. Insufficiency in delivery of oxygen when workload increases

78
Q

What cells are responsible for conducting within the heart?

A

Nodal cells and pacemaker cells

79
Q

What do conducting fibers do?

A

Distribute contractile stimulus to the general myocardium

80
Q

What are nodal cells responsible for?

A

Establishing rate of heart contraction

81
Q

Describe pacemaker cells

A

Usually reach threshold first and determine normal rate of contraction. Found in SA node

82
Q

What is moderator bands role in conduction

A

Spreads impulse to papillary muscle in right ventricle

83
Q

Where does left bundle branch deliver impulses to?

A

Left ventricle

84
Q

Where does right bundle branch deliver impulses to?

A

Right ventricle

85
Q

Where does purkinje fibers deliver impulses to?

A

Contractile cells of ventricular myocardium

86
Q

What receptors relay information back to cardiac centers?

A

Baroreceptors (BP) and chemoreceptors(gas).

87
Q

What innervates Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

88
Q

NE increases HR by binding to which receptors on what cells?

A

Beta receptors on nodal cells

89
Q

Ach decreases heart rate by binding to which receptors on which cells?

A

Muscarinic receptors of nodal cells

90
Q

Which layer of blood vessels does vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

Media

91
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Blood vessels in the walls of large vessels that supply smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes of media and adventitia

92
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Largest type of artery. Can expand handling large volume of blood. Small density of smooth muscle cells in media

93
Q

What are examples of elastic arteries?

A

Pulmonary trunk, aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac artery

94
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arteriole

95
Q

Where do muscular arteries transport blood and what are examples?

A

Skeletal muscle and internal organs. Have a thicker media. External carotid, brachial artery, femoral artery, Mesenteric artery

96
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Smaller arteries. Poor adventitia. Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries

97
Q

Describe continuous capillaries

A

Complete epithelial lining connected by tight junctions and desmosomes. Found in most of the body

98
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries

A

Windows in endothelial lining. Allow molecules to pass through. Found in kidneys, endocrine organs

99
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Flattened and irregular. They follow the internal contours of complex organs. Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen, supra renal glands

100
Q

What are atriovenous anastomoses?

A

Direct connections between arterioles and Venules. Found where changes in body position could alter blood flow

101
Q

Where are arterial anastomoses found?

A

Brain, heart, stomach, and other organs needing a lot of blood supply

102
Q

What is capillary autoregulation?

A

Pre capillary sphincters go through cycles of alternately contracting and blood flow in capillary occurs in pulses. Blood reaches Venules by one route now then another later

103
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

If pericardium becomes inflamed or infected, fluid accumulates

104
Q

The CT of the epicardium and interventricular sulci?

A

Adipose tissue

105
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus or atrioventricular sulcus

106
Q

When the heart is rotated slightly to the left, what is the anterior surface called?

A

Sternocostal surface

107
Q

Differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac dependent on aerobic, mitochondria contain myoglobin, T tubules do not form triads, larger circulatory supply, contract without instruction, intercalated discs

Anatomy (16 decks)

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