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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Repro 4 > Flashcards

Repro 4 Flashcards

1
Q

From what structure does the scrotum arise?

A

Labioscrotal folds

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2
Q

What are the contents of the scrotum?

Hint: 3

A

Testis
Epididymis
1st part of the spermatic cord

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3
Q

What surrounds the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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4
Q

What encloses the testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

What separates the testis into lobules?

A

Fibrous septae

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6
Q

Within which structure do the gonads develop?

A

Mesonephric ridge

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7
Q

During their descent, what do the testis cross over?

A

The inguinal canal

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8
Q

Approximately how long does the descent of the testis last?

A

From week 7 to month 9

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9
Q

How are the testis supplied with blood and what is the artery a branch of?

A

Testicular artery - abdominal aorta

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10
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the testis

A

R testicular vein - branch of IVC

L testicular vein - branch of L renal vein

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11
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A highly convoluted duct behind the testis

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12
Q

What and how does the epididymis connect to?

A

Seminiferous tubules via efferent ductules and the rete testis

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13
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

The site of meiosis of the spermatozoa

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14
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

A strucutre running to and from the testis containing neurovasculature and ducts

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15
Q

From where does the spermatic cord arise?

A

The deep inguninal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

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16
Q

At which point does the spermatic cord terminate?

A

Posterior border of the testis

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17
Q

What are the neurovascular contents of the spermatic cord?

Hint: 5

A 
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery 
Artery to vas defrens 
Panpiniform plexus
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
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18
Q

What are the non-neurovascular contents of the spermatic cord?
Hint: 3

A

Vas defrens
Lymphatics
Processus vaginalis

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19
Q

What are the coverings of the spermatic cord?

Hint: 3

A

External spermatic fascia - aponeurosis of external oblique
Creamsteric muscle and fascia - internal oblique and transversalis
Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia

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20
Q

Name the four scrotum related -ocoele’s

A

Hydrocoele
Haematocoele
Varicocoele
Spermatocoela

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21
Q

What are hydrocoele and haematocoele

A

Hydrocoele - serous fluid in tunica vaginalis

Haematocoele - blood in tunica vaginalis

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22
Q

What is varicocoele?

A

Varicosities of the panpiniform plexus

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23
Q

What is spermatocoele and what is it also known as?

A

Retention cyst within epididymis - Epididymal cyst

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24
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

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25
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord - usually just above the upper pole

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26
Q

Why is testicular torsion a medical emergency?

A

There is risk of necrosis of the testis - (plus it must be agony)

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27
Q

What is the difference in lymphatic drainage between the testis and the scrotum?

A

Testis - paraaortic nodes

Scrotum - superficial inguinal nodes

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28
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

The duct that conveys sperm from the testicles to the urethra

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29
Q

Briefly describe the course of the vas deferens?

Hint: 4

A

Ascends through the spermatic cord
Traverses the inguinal canal
Passes between bladder and ureter
Opens into ejaculatory tract

30
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Diverticulum of the vas deferens between the bladder and the rectum

31
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Produce secretions making up 70-80% of the volume of the ejaculate

32
Q

What does the duct of the seminal vessicles combine with? What does it form?

A

Vas deferens

The ejaculatory duct

33
Q

What are the improtant anatomical relationships involving the prostate?
Hint: 4

A

Base - neck of bladder
Apex - urethral sphincter
Muscular anterior surface - urethral sphincter
Posterior - ampulla of rectum

34
Q

What are the two zones of the prostate and what structures do they adjoin?

A

Central - urethra

Peripheral - rectum

35
Q

What does benign hyperplasia of the middle lobule of the prostate gland cause?
Hint: 3

A

Dysuria
Nocturia
Urgency

36
Q

Via what routes and to which destinations do prostatic malignancies travel?

A

Lymphatic - internal iliac & sacral nodes

Venous - internal vertebral plexus to vertebrae & brain

37
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

Root, body , glans

38
Q

What are the three internal structures of the penis?

A 
Pair of corpora cavernosa dorsally (fill with blood)
Corpus spongiosum (contains the urethra)
39
Q

What is the arterial supply to the penis?

A

Branches of the internal pudendal artery

40
Q

What is the internal pudendal itself a branch of?

A

Anterior division of internal iliac artery

41
Q

What are the two main structures of the male perineum?

A

Bulbospongiosum

Ischiocavernosus

42
Q

What are the functions of the bulbospongiosum?

Hint: 2

A

Aids in expulsion of the last drops of urine

Helps maintain erection

43
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Compresses veins to maintain erection

44
Q

What is the perineum?

A

The area between the anus and the scrotum in men or vulva in women

45
Q

Name the parts of the male urethra

Hint: 4

A

Pre-prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

46
Q

Which part of the male urethra is least distensible?

A

Membranous

47
Q

What is the promontory of the sacrum?

A

The anterior superior edge of the 1st sacral vertebra

48
Q

Name the six features of a gynecoid pelvis

Hint: Really Sounds Interesting, Well, Well done, 90 Points

A 
Round inlet
Straight side walls
Ischial spines not too prominent 
Well-rounded greater sciatic notch 
Well-curved sacrum
Sub-pubic arch >90 degrees
49
Q

Describe the difference between the true and false pelvis

A

False - greater pelvis, no obstetric relevance

True - lesser pelvis forming solid, immobile, bony canal

50
Q

What are the four pelvic planes?

A

Inlet
Plane of greatest diameter
Plane of least diameter
Outlet

51
Q

What is measured in a clinical assessment of the pelvic inlet?

A

Anteroposterior diameter

52
Q

What is measured in the clinical assessment of the mid-pelvis?
Hint: 2

A

Straight side walls

Bispinous diameter

53
Q

What is measured in the clinical assessment of the pelvic outlet?
Hint: 2

A

Infrapubic angle

Distance between ischial tuberosities

54
Q

What is the obstetric conjugate of the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis?

A

The minimum AP diameter measured from the sacral promontory to the midpoint of the pubis symphysis

55
Q

What is the diagonal conjugate of the antero-posterior diameter of the pelvis?

A

Distance from sacral promontory to inferior border of pubic symphysis - will be shorter than obstetric conjugate

56
Q

What is olgiozoospermia?

A

Low sperm count in ejaculate

57
Q

What, then, is azoospermia?

A

No sperm in ejaculate

58
Q

What are cryptorchid testis?

A

Maldescended

59
Q

Why are there clinical consequences of cryptorchid testis?

A

Spermatogenesis is imparied because of elevated temperature

60
Q

What process ocurring in the testis is unaffected by their maldescent?

A

Male sex hormone secretion by sertoli and leydig cells

61
Q

What is maldescent of the testes a risk factor for?

A

Malignant testicular tumours

62
Q

What is orchitis and what are its possible effects?

A

Inflammation of the testis

Leads to impaired spermatogenesis and can lead to seminiferous tubule degredation and even infertillity

63
Q

Where are sperm stored?

A

Tail of the epididymis

64
Q

How does the vas deferens aid in ejaculation?

A

Rich autonomic innervation resulting in muscular contraction - the duct dilates to allow the passage of sperm

65
Q

What are the layers of mucle in the vas deferens?

A

Outer longitudinal smooth
Intermediate layer of circular
Inner layer of longitudinal smooth

66
Q

What is the panpiniform plexus?

A

Collection of small vessels surrounding the vas deferens

67
Q

What is the cremaster?

A

A discontinuous layer of longitudinally-oriented strands of striated muscle surrounding the spermatic cord

68
Q

In what order are the secretions associated with ejaculation produced?
Hint: 4

A

Bulbourethral secretions
Prostate secretions
Spermatozoa
Seminal vesicle secretions

69
Q

What proportion of ejaculate is produced by the prostate and what are its constituents?

A

1/3 - prostaglandins, proteolytic enzymes and citric acid

70
Q

Where is the bulbourethral gland found?

A

In the urogenital diaphragm

71
Q

What is the specific blood supply to the penis?

A

Cavernous arteries from internal pudendal

72
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the heart

A

Superficial and deep dorsal veins

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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