Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Repro 3 > Flashcards

Repro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Development of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is puberache?

A

Development of axillary and pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Menarche?

A

The first mestrual period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adrenarche?

A

The onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define puberty

A

A stage of human development during which sexual maturation and growth are completed, resulting in the ability to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When are primary sexual characteristics established?

A

Before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which hormones are most associated with, and rise at the onset of, puberty?
Hint: 3

A

GnRH, LH&FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are the functioning parts of the reproductive system not active before puberty?

A

GnRH levels are too low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do men tend to be larger than women?

A

The male growth spurt is usually longer and faster. It also happens later in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What stops the growth spurt and which hormone is responsible for it in girls?

A

Closing the epiphyseal growth plates

Osetrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is happening to the timing of puberty and why?

A

It is occurring sooner due to better nutrition

The critical weight for puberty to start (47kg in girls) is reached earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What supports the idea of critical weight relating to puberty?

A

Malnutrition associated with delayed menarche

Primary amenorrhoea common in lean femal athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which gland can influence puberty timings in humans and why?

A

The pineal due to its role in regulating circadian rhythym using melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What, then, can a pineal tumour cause?

A

Precocious puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wha does a rise in gonadotrophins lead to?

A

Secretion of sexual steroids i.e. oestrogens and androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the first two substances involved in the hormonal changes of puberty?

A

Neurokinin B, which promotes production of Kiss 1 neuron arcuate, which in turn increases secretion of GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which hormone, secreted from the pituitary, influences the growth spurt and how?

A

Growth hormone, by increaseing TSH secretion and thereby metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What precedes the phenotypic changes of puberty?

A

Nocturnal GnRH pulsality causing LH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the first phenotyppic changes of puberty?

A

Males -testicular enlagrement

Females - breast development?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the increased nocturnal LH lead to?

A

Nocturnal rise in testosterone in males and oestrogen in femaled leading to early pubertal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When do FSH&LH levels rise in males and what happens at the same time?

A

~10years

spermatogenesis and growth of sexual characteristics structures e.g. prostate from androgen secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What hormone induces some of the secondary sexual characteristics in females and what are they ?

A

Oestrogen - growth of pelvis, deposition of subcutaneous fat and growth of internal reproductive organs as well as external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is used to classify the stages of pubertal development?

A

The Tanner standard - 5 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the stages of the Tanner standard for males?

A 
Testicular volume - >4ml 
Penis enlargement - G 1-5
Pubic hair - Pu 1-5 
Axillar yhair - A 1-5
Spermarche
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many times greater is the velocity of growth during puberty?

A

2-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does puberty start in males and females?

A

Males - 10-14

Females - 9-13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in males and females?

A

Males - testicular volume 4ml

Females - B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the stages of the Tanner standard for females?

A

Breast - B 1-5
Pubic hair - Pu 1-5
Axillary hair - A 1-5
Menarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What initiates the first ovarian cycle?

A

LH surge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Despite the ovarian cycle begininning, what does not happen during the first and why?

A

Ovulation - insufficient LH

31
Q

Define precocious puberty

A

When puberty occurs younger than 2SD before the average age i.e. girls<8 and boys<9 years old

32
Q

What are some common causes of precocious puberty?

A

Gonadotrophin secretinf tumours (trophin dependent)

Pineal tumours or meningitis (early stimulation of neurological maturation)

33
Q

List some causes of gonadotrophin dependent precocious puberty
HInt: 3

A

Pineal tumours
CNS trauma (injury, surgery, infection)
Congenital disorders e.g. arachnooid cysts

34
Q

Describe some causes of gonadotrophin independent precocious puberty
Hint: 2

A

Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics due to; increased production of sex hormones (i.e. gonad matures without GnRH stimulation)
LH&FSH suppression

35
Q

Define delayed puberty

A

Initial physical changes of puberty not seen by 13 in girls and 14 in boys

36
Q

When is pubertal development inappropriate?

A

When the interval between the first signs of puberty and menarche (in girls) or completion of genital growth (in boys) is >5 years

37
Q

What 2 categories does delayed puberty fit into?

A

Gonadal failure - hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

Gonadal deficiency

38
Q

What are the causes of gonadal failure?

A

Turner’s syndrome
Post-malignancy chemo /radiotherapy /surgery
Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome

39
Q

What are the causes of gonadal deficiency?

A

Congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogondaism
e.g. Adrenal hyperfunction or congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothalamic/pituitary lesions
Gene mutations altering LH&FSH or their receptors (rare)

40
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

Karyotype 45,X or 46,XX with structural abnormalities in X chromosome

41
Q

What are the signs of Turner’s syndrome?

Hint: 5

A 
Short
Gonadal dysgenesis
Skeletal abnormalities
Cardiac and kidney malformation
Dysmorphic face
42
Q

How is Turner’s syndrome treated?

Hint: 2 methods

A

Growth hormone

Sex hormone substitution

43
Q

What are the “Seven Dwarves” of the menopause?

A

Itchy, twitchy, sweaty, bloated, moody and forgetful

44
Q

When is the pre-menopause?

A

~40yrs

45
Q

What happens to the menstrual cycle in the pre-menopause?

A

The follicular phase shortens

46
Q

What specifically can be absent during the pre-menopause and why?

A

Ovulation - less oestrogen and more FSH&LH

47
Q

When does the menopause usually occur?

A

49-50

48
Q

Define the menopause in terms of follicles

A

The time when there are none left to develop

49
Q

What happens to oestrogen levels during the menopause?

A

Fall dramatically

50
Q

What happens to FSH&LH levels during the menopause?

A

They both rise, FSH more so due to lack of inhibin

51
Q

What vasuclar changes occur during the manopause and how can they be treated?

A

Hot flushes - treated with oestrogen

52
Q

What other changes occur during the menopause?

Hint: 4

A

Regression of uterine endometrium and shrinkage of the myometrium
Thinning of cervix
Invlution of some breast tissue
Changes in bladder due to loss of pelvic tone (incontinence)

53
Q

What happens to the bone during the menopause and how can it be limited?

A

Total mass reduced by 2.5% per year

Increased osteoclast activity as oestrogen drops leading to osteoporosis - oestrogen therapy

54
Q

In contrast, what happens at the end of the reproductive life of the male?

A

No obvious event, sperm production continues into 60’s & 70’s, FSH&LH and oestrogen increase but testosterone levels decrease

55
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Hint: 4

A

Proliferative
Secretory
Ischaemic
Mesntruation itself

56
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

Hint: 3 things

A

Menses
Folliculogenesis
Subsequent oestradiol production (responsible for proliferation of endometrium)

57
Q

Which phase does ovulation occur directly after?

A

Proliferative

58
Q

What levels of oestradiol are necessary for ovulation?

A

200pg/ml for approx. 50 hrs

59
Q

What is needed to release the oocyte from the follicle?

A

Proteolytic enzymes and prostaglandins that digest the collagen in its wall

60
Q

What do the granulosa cells do during the secretory phase?

A

Enlarge and accquire lutein, becoming the corpus luteum and secreting progesterone

61
Q

What process occurs first if fertilisation doesn’t occur?

A

Luteolysis - the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans

62
Q

During the ischaemic phase, which arteries are cut off from their blood supply?

A

The spiral arteries

63
Q

How long does menstruation last?

A

24-32 days

64
Q

How much blood is usually lost during menstruation?

A

37-43ml

65
Q

What is menorrhagia and what are some common causes?

A 
Heavy periods - 
Abnormal clotting
Fibroids
IUCD problems
Cancer
66
Q

What are the types of uterine fibroids?

Hint: 3

A

Subserosal
Submucosal
Intramural

67
Q

What is DUB and what are the common causes?

A

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding - heavy bleeding due to;
Pregnancy
Idiopathic
Bleeding disorders

68
Q

What commonly casues irregular bleeding?

A

Hormonal contraceptives

69
Q

List some common types of amenorrhoea

Hint: 7

A 
Prepubertal 
Pregnancy
Menopause
Uterine/Endometrial
Ovarian
Pituitary 
Hypothalamic
70
Q

List some effects of menstrual disorders

Hint: 7

A 
Tiredness
Anaemia 
Depression 
Iritability
Mood swings
Anxiety
Impact on ability to socialise
71
Q

How are fibroids diagnosed?

A

Menorrhagia
Could be palpable
USS

72
Q

What causes the hormonal changes in the hypothalamus and pituitary during the menopause?

A

Reduction in gonadal srteroid production

73
Q

Whate are the main risks of HRT?

A

Thromboembolism

Breast cancer

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions