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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Repro 1 > Flashcards

Repro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

A region of intermediate mesoderm from which the embryonic kidney and gonad arise

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2
Q

At this stage what is the gonad?

A

An indifferent collection of cells from the intermediate mesoderm and primordial extragonadal germ cells

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3
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

The “seed” cells arising from the yolk sac. They migrate to the retroperitoneum along the dorsal mesentry

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4
Q

What drives the development of the male?

A

The Sex Determining Region of the Y chromosome (SRY)

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5
Q

Name two duct systems involved in sexual development and where they end.

A

Mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts, both ending at the cloaca

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6
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts do?

A

Act in conjuction with the mesonephric tubules to form the embryonic kidney

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7
Q

What is the other name for the mesonephric ducts?

A

Wolffian Ducts

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8
Q

What is the other name for the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Mullerian Ducts

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9
Q

In males what happens to the mesonephric ducts?

A

They sprout the ureteric bud and then the prostate and prostatic urethra forms i.e. they don’t disappear

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10
Q

In females what happens to the mesonephric duct?

A

It sprouts the ureteric bud and then entirely regresses

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11
Q

How do the paramesonephric ducts appear?

A

Invaginate the epithelium of the urogenital ridge, make contact with the cloaca caudally and the abdominal cvity cranially

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12
Q

What do the Mullerian ducts form?

A

The uterus, cervix and the proximal 1/3 of the vagina

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13
Q

What are the male gonadal hormones collectively known as?

A

Androgens

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14
Q

What do the androgens do to the ducts involved in primary sexual development?

A

Support the mesonephric duct

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15
Q

What specific substance is produced by the testis to support male development?

A

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS; the function is in the name)

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16
Q

How then does the female embryo differ?

A

No androgens to maintain the mesonephrics and no MIS to act on the Mullerian ducts

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17
Q

What are the basic components of the undifferentiated external genitalia?

A

Genital tubercle (GT)
Genital folds
Genital swellings

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18
Q

In males what does the genital tubercle (GT) do?

A

Elongates

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19
Q

In males what do the genital folds fuse to form?

A

The spongy urethra

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20
Q

What hormone is key to the development of the male external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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21
Q

What doesn’t happen in the external genitalia of females?

A

Fusion, leaving the vestibule open

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22
Q

What is the 1st (of 4) stages of testicular descent?

A

The attached gubernaculum retracts pulling the testis retroperitoneally

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23
Q

Stage 2(/4) of testicular descent?

A

The processes vaginalis and scrotal swelling form as the testis reach the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Stage 3(/4) of testicular descent?

A

They are pulled out from behind the peritoneum as they pass over the symphysis but are still cupped by the vaginalis

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25
Q

Stage 4(/4) of testicular descent?

A

The processes vaginalis receedes leaving the tunica vaginalis

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26
Q

Briefly describe the components involved in the descent of the ovary
Hint: 3 main points

A

GUBERNACULUM attaches ovary inferiorly to labio-scrotal folds
Ovary descends to PELVIS
Round LIGAMENT of UTERUS is present in inguinal canal

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27
Q

What cells secrete androgens, principally testosterone?

A

Leydig

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28
Q

Which cells secrete MIH (MIS)?

A

Sertoli cells (in the walls of the seminiferous tubules)

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29
Q

What structures come from the Wolffian Ducts?

A

Epididymis
Vas Defrens
Seminal Vesicles

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30
Q

What does the labioscrotal swelling become in the male and female?

A

Male - scrotum (obvioiusly)

Female - labia majora

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31
Q

What do the urethral folds become in the male and female?

A

Male - ventral aspect of shaft of penis

Female - labia minora

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32
Q

What does the GT become in the male and female?

A

Male - Glans penis

Female - clitoris

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33
Q

How long after conception do the germ cells appear?

A

3 weeks

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34
Q

Are germ cells haploid?

A

No

35
Q

What are the 4 broad stages of gametogenesis?

A
  1. Colonisation of the gonad by germ cells
  2. Mitotic proliferation
  3. Meiotic division
  4. Cytodifferentiation into mature gametes
36
Q

What are the 2 main functions of meiosis?

A

Reduce chromosome number tin gamete to 23

Ensure every gamete is genetically unique

37
Q

What happens to the 4 daughter cells in females?

A

Only 1 becomes a mature oocyte - the others form polar bodies

38
Q

What 3 processes contribute to genetic variation?

A 
Crossing-over
Random segregation (of chromosomes among four gametes)
Independent assortment (of homologous chromosomes to separate gametes)
39
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

Male germ cells used in spermatogenesis

40
Q

What is an Ap spermatogonium?

A

Diploid daughter cell of a spermatogonium that has undergone mitosis that will give rise to primary spermatocytes

41
Q

What are Ad spermatogonia?

A

The diploid cells that do not differentiate any further after mitosis of spermatogonia i.e. maintain stock

42
Q

What are primary spermatocytes?

A

The diploid daughter cells of an Ap spermatogonium after mitosis

43
Q

What are secondary spermatocytes?

A

Haploid daughter cells of a primary spermatocyte after meiosis 1

44
Q

What are spermatids?

A

Haploid daughter cells of a secondary spermatocyte after meiosis 2

45
Q

What are spermatozoa?

A

The differentiated spermatids following spermiogenesis

46
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

47
Q

Roughly how long is the spermatogenic cycle in humans?

A

16 days

48
Q

Define spermiation

A

Release of the spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

49
Q

How are the non-motile secretions trasnported to the epididymis?

A

Peristaltic contraction

50
Q

Which steps make up spermiogenesis?

HInt: 3

A

Spermiation
Remodelling of spermatids into spermatozoa
Presitaltic contraction to assist non-motile secretion

51
Q

Describe the route of spermatids during spermiogenesis

Hint: 4 parts

A

Seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> ductuli efferentes -> epididymis

52
Q

Whci structures contribute to semen production?

Hint: 4

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Vas defresn (deliver sperm)
Bulbourethral gland

53
Q

What do the seminal vesicles actually secrete?

A

AAs, citrate, fructse, prostaglandins

54
Q

What does the prostate contribute to semen?

A

Proteolytic enzymes, zinc

55
Q

What does the bulbourethral (Cowper) gland secrete?

A

Mucoproteins to aind in lubrication and neutralise acidic urine in dstal urethra

56
Q

How much semen is produced per ejaculate?

A

~2ml - most of which is from seminal vesicles

57
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

Final step in maturation, only initiated by conditions in female genital tract - glycoproteins and cholesterol removed - sperm signalling pathways activated

58
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Germ cells that have colonised the female gonadal cortex

59
Q

How do oogonia initially develop?

A

Rapid mitotic proliferation (~3 months)

60
Q

What are primary oocytes?

A

Oogonia that enter meiosis instead of mitosis (but stop at prophase of meiosis 1)

61
Q

What happens at and by mid gestation

A

Maximun number of germ cells reached and cell death (both oogonia and primary oocytes) begins

62
Q

What happens to the remaining primary oocytes by month 7?

A

They have entered meiosis 1 and are surrounded by follicular cells

63
Q

What is a primary oocyte in meiosis 1 surrounded by follicular cells called?

A

Primordial follicle

64
Q

Define atresia in relation to oocytes

A

The degeneration of the follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle

65
Q

Describe the preantral stage of oocyte maturation

A

The once flat surrounding follicular cells grow into a stratified cuboidal epithelial layer of granulosa cells which create the zona pellucida

66
Q

What are the components of the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoproteins

67
Q

Describe the antral stage of oocyte development

A

Fluid filled spaces appear between the granulosa calls. They coalesce to form an antrum many times the size of the oocyte

68
Q

Describe the preovulatory stage of oocyte development

A

Meiosis I complete
One of the daughters receives most of the cytoplasm (the other becomes a polar body) and enters meiosis II to stop at metaphase

69
Q

What is needed to begin the preovulatory stage of oocyte development?

A

LH surge

70
Q

What is needed to bring preovulatory stage oocytes out of meiotic arrest?

A

Fertilisation - otherwise cell degenerates from it’s position at metaphase of meiosis II

71
Q

What is another name for a mature follicle?

A

Graafian follicle

72
Q

What does the ovulatory surge in LH cause?

A

Increased collagenase activity

Prostaglandin initiated muscular contractions of the ovarian wall

73
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A collection of lutein cells derived from the now vascularised granulosa and theca interna cells

74
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

Secretes oestrogens and progesterone

Stimulates uterine mucosa to enter secretory phase

75
Q

How long does the corpus luteum last if not fertilised?

A

14 days

76
Q

How is the oocyte trasnported?

Hint: 3 main points

A

Fimbrae sweep it up-> uterine tube contracts -> peristaltic muscular contractions of the uterine tube and cillia

77
Q

How long does a fertilised oocyte take to get to the unterine lumen?

A

~3-4 days

78
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Mass of fibrotic scar tissue left when unfertilised corpus luteum degenerates

79
Q

Which main hormone decreases in production if fertilisation doesn’t occur and what is the consequence?

A

Progesterone - menstrual bleeding

80
Q

What prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating if fertilisation occurs?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin - secreted by the developing emryo

81
Q

What does the corpus luteum grow into if fertilised?

A

corpus luteum graviditatis

82
Q

What structure takes over from the embryo regarding progesterone secretion?

A

The placenta after ~4 months

83
Q

What receptors do granulosa cells have?

A

FSH receptors

84
Q

What receptors do thecal cells have?

A

LH receptors

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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