Head & Neck 2 Flashcards
Which cervical vertebrae are atypical?
C1 C2 C7
What makes the atypical vertebrae atypical?
C1 - No body
C2 - Dens
C7 - large spinous process
Describe the main feature used to discern the cervical vertebrae from the others
Foramina in the transverse processes
What is of clinical relevance to the cervical spine regarding the articular surfaces of the vertebrae?
They are more horizontal than in other vertebrae making it easier for them to be dislocated possibly causing paralysis or death
What is the most common sites for cervical spine injuries?
Obviously C1, C2 and C7 because they are atypical but also C6
The most sever injuries occur C1-4
What can neck hyperflexion injuries lead to?
Hint: Usually lower cervical spine
Crush fractures
Rupture of the supraspinous ligament
Rupture of the lower disc (leading to nerve compression)
What can neck hyperextension injuries lead to?
Hint: Usually upper cervical spine
Vertebral fracture
Disc prolapse
Cervical spinous process fracture
Dens fracture
What is a hangman’s fracture?
Hyperextension injury (likely at a judicial hanging) disrupting the posterior arch of C2
What is a Jefferson’s fracture?
Caused by axial load injuries through the head - it’s a burst fracture of C1 (usually anterior AND posterior arch)
What is degenerative spine disease?
Osteoarthritic narrowing of the facet joints of the vertebral arches +/- age related swelling of discs causing compression of a spinal nerve with associated pain and weakness
What bones comprise the skull?
Cranium
Mandible
What is the cranial cavity?
The space within the cranium which holds the brain
Building on last session’s cards, what is the neurocranium comprised of?
Calvaria
Cranial floor
What is the diploe?
The spongy layer between the two compact layers of bone that make up the calvaria
What is so great about the tri-laminar arrangement of bone in the calvaria?
Increased protection without significant added weight
What is the pterion?
Thinnest part of the calvaria
What is the clinical relevance of the pterion?
It overlies the middle meningeal artery, fracture here could cause an extradural haematoma
What is an extradural haematoma?
When blood accumulates between the periosteal layers of the dura mater and bone putting pressure on the brain