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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Head & Neck 3 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sources of arterial blood supply to the head and neck
Hint: 2 sources

A

Common carotids

Verteberal arteries

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2
Q

What are the vertebral arteries branches of?

A

Subclavian arteries

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3
Q

What parts of the head and neck are supplied by the vertebral arteries?

A

The posterior neck and posterior parts of the brain

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4
Q

How do the vertebral arteries travel in the neck?

A

Through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae (except C7)

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5
Q

What structure do the vertebral arteries pass through after reaching the top of the vertebrae?

A

Subarachnoid space - between the atlas and occipital bone

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6
Q

What structure do the vertebral arteries pass through after the subarachnoid space?

A

The foramen magnum

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7
Q

What artery is formed by the convergence of the vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar

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8
Q

What aspect of the brainstem does the basilar artery run along?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

From what structure does the right common carotid arise?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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10
Q

From what structure does the left common caortid arise?

A

Arch of the aorta

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11
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk run in the neck in relation to the carotid sheath?

A

Outside, medially and behind

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12
Q

Where do the common carotids terminate and what do they become?

A

At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to become the internals and externals

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13
Q

What can a carotid massage alleviate?

A

Supra-ventricular tachycardia

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14
Q

What is a carotid massage?

A

Firm rubbing of the crotid sinus (found at the point of temination)

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15
Q

Which arteries supply the neck?

A

Ascending and transverse cervical - branches of the thyrocervical trunk

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16
Q

How does the internal carotid enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal

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17
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Part of the common carotid below the sinus lined with chemoreceptors

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18
Q

What is the clinical significance of the point of bifurcation of the common carotid?

A

Atheroma formation common - rupture of clot can cause stroke or TIA

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19
Q

Superior boundary of the carotid triangle please

A

Posterior belly of digastric

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20
Q

Carotid trangle: lateral boundary?

A

SCM

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21
Q

Medial boundary of carotid triangle if you please

A

Syuperior belly of omohyoid

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22
Q

Carotid triangle: contents?

Hint: 2

A

Internal jugular

Bifurcation of common carotid

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23
Q

Other than the internal jugular, what else can be accessed via the carotid triangle?
Hint: 2

A

Vagus and hypoglossal nerves

24
Q

Name the terminal branches of external carotid

Hint: 2

A

Superficial temporal

Maxillary

25
Q

How many non-terminal branches of the external carotid are there?

A

6

26
Q

Now see how many branches of the external carotid you can name
Hint: 6

A 
Superior thyroid 
Lingual
Facial 
Ascending pharyngeal 
Occipital 
Posterior auricular
27
Q

Why does loss of blood supply to the scalp not lead to bone death?

A

Middle meningeal artery supplies skull - i.e. not arteries of the scalp

28
Q

Briefly describe the lymphatic system

A

Network of drainage vessels
Throughout body
Return lymph to blood circulation

29
Q

In what structures does lymph primarily form?

A

Capillary beds

30
Q

Why does lymph fomr at these structures?

A

Net filtration does not equal net absorption at capillary beds

31
Q

Which part of the lymph system is responsible for collecting lymph at the capillary beds?

A

Lymphatic capillarys

32
Q

What does lymph contain?

Hint: 6

A 
Tissue fluid
Small proteins
Lipids 
Damaged cells
Bacteria 
Cancer cells
33
Q

How much lymph does the body produce a day?

A

3-4L
120-180ml/hour
2-3ml/min

34
Q

What functional features differentiate the lymphatic system from the cardiovascular system?

A

No central pump

One-directional flow

35
Q

How many steps are there in lymphatic flow?

A

6; capillary -> afferent vessels -> nodes -> efferent vessels -> trinks -> ducts

36
Q

How is one-directional flow maintiained?

A

Valves that constrict passively (from muscle or arterial pulsation) or by intrinsic constriction

37
Q

What is the terminal drainage point of the lymphatic system?

Hint: 2 points

A

Right lymphatic duct & Thoracic duct drain into R&L Subclavian veins respectively

38
Q

What is significantly different about the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

A

The right only drains the right upper 1/4 of the body, with thoracic covering the remainder

39
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Abnormal collection of protein rich fluid causing tissue swelling due to compromised lymphatic drainage

40
Q

What can cause lymphoedema?

Hint: 5

A 
Removal of nodes
Infections
Damage to system e.g. cancer treatment 
Lack of limb movement 
Congenital
41
Q

What are lymph nodes made of?

A

Connective tissue - tough fibrous outer capsule & internal reticular tissue

42
Q

What do lymph nodes contain and why?

A

B&T lymphocytes - nodes are a route for spread of infection

43
Q

What mkaes the lymphatic system effective in fighting infection?

A

All lymph substances pass though at least one node - nodes are physical and phagocytic filters

44
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Swollen lymph node

45
Q

What are the common causea of lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection

Malignancy

46
Q

What differentiates an infected swollen lymph node from one that is exhibiting malignancy?

A 
Infection = tneder & mobile
Malignant = hard & non-tender
47
Q

What two broad groups can lymph nodes be classified by?

A

Regional (superficial, drains specific areas)

Terminal (deep, receives drainage from regional)

48
Q

How many lymph nodes are there in the body and specifically the neck?

A

800 - 300 in the neck

49
Q

Where are the regional lymph nodes found in the neck?

A

Superficial cervical fascia

50
Q

Where are the terminallymph nodes found in the neck?

A

Deep to the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

51
Q

Which four structures are cervical lymph nodes found around?

A

Mandible
Aurice
Occiput
SCM

52
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Annular collection of lymphatic tissue around the superior pharynx consisting of the tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine and lingual)

53
Q

What is the importance of the supraclavicuar lymph nodes?

A

They are the route for transport of lymph from thoracic cavity and abdomen

54
Q

What is the left supraclavicular lymph node also known as?

A

Virchow’s node

55
Q

Which lymph node is most commonly enlarged?

A

Jugulo-digastric - responsible for palatine tonsil, oral cavity, posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx, larynx

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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