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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Head & Neck 8 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the Nose and nasal cavity

A 
Olfaction 
Route for isnpired air
Filters inspired air
Moistens and warms inspired air
Resonating chamber for speech
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the external nose

A

Bone (nasal, lacrimal and maxiallry) and caritlage

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3
Q

What is significant about the external nose bones?

A

Porne to fracutre in facial injuries

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal csvity?

A

Medial wall = nasal septum

Lateral wall = conchae

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5
Q

What is the nasal septum comprised of?

A

Septal cartilage
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Vomer bone

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6
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Trauma to nose buckles septum, shearing blood vessels allowing blood to accumulate between perichondrium and cartilage

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7
Q

What is the saddle nose deformity?

A

Avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum due to untreated septal haematoma

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8
Q

What are the two main membranes of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory

Respiratory

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9
Q

What is the function of the olfactory mucous membrane of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

What is the function of the respiratory mucous membrane of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium FILTERS, HUMIDIFIES and WARMS

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11
Q

How is the nasal cavity drained?

A 
Paranasal sinuses 
Nasolacrimal duct (also drains eye)
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve carries general sensation from the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal CN V

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13
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Fleshy, benign swellings from nasal mucosa
Usually both sides
Pale/yellow or red and fleshy

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

A

Blocked, runny nose
Post nasal drip
Decreased smell and taste

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15
Q

What can unilateral polyps be an indicator for?

A

Tumour (+/- blood-tinged secretion)

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16
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosal lining

17
Q

What causes rhinitis?

A

Simple acute infection i.e. cold

Allergic reactions

18
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A 
Nasal congestion 
Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing 
Nasal irritation 
Postnasal drip
19
Q

What feature of the nasal mucosa is key to the functions of warming and humidifying inspired air?

A

Rich blood supply BUT makes it prone to injury and bleeding

20
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the nasal mucosa

A

Medial and lateral walls from opthalmic and maxillary arteries

21
Q

What is the most common site of epistaxis?

A

Kiesselbach’s area - point of arterial anastomoses in anterior septum

22
Q

How is teh nasal cavity drained?

A

Venously into cavernous sinus, facial vein and pterygoid plexus

23
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

AIr filled spaces forming an extension of the nasal cavity

24
Q

When do the paranasal sinuses appear?

A

After birth

25
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

26
Q

How are the paranasal sinuses named?

A

According to bone in which they are found

27
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinues?

A

Humidify, warm inspired air

Reduce weight of skull

28
Q

How are the paranasal sinuses drained?

A

Via small channels (ostia) into nasal cavity (mostly middle meatus)

29
Q

List some of the important anatomical relationships of the paranasal sinuses

A

Orbit
Anterior cranial fossa
Roots of upper teeth

30
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the sinuses lasting <4wks

31
Q

What commonly causes acute sinusitis?

A

Infeciton, can be secondary to viral infection of nasal cavity
Dental infection of upper teeth

32
Q

How is acute sinusitis diagnosed?

A 
Histroy + examination
Non-resolved cold/flu
Pyrexia
Rhinorrhoea
Headache/facial pain worse on leaning forward
Blocked nose
33
Q

What conditions can block ostia?

A

Nasal polyps

Deviated septum

34
Q

How is acute sinusitis treated?

A

Usually self-limiting so only symptoms treated

e.g. nasal decongestants, analgesia. Antibiotics only if longer than a few weeks

35
Q

What is the innervation of the antero-superior portion of the nasal cavity?

A

Opthalmic nerve CN Va

36
Q

What is the innervation of the postero-inferior portion of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxillary nerve CN Vb

37
Q

What nerve(s) innervate the paranasal sinuses?

A

All but maxillary = Opthalmic nerve CN Va

38
Q

What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A

Maxillary nerve CN Vb

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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