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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Head & Neck 4 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate from?

Hint: 2 sources

A

1-2 - brain itself (forebrain)

3-12 - Brainstem

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3
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Tissue joining the spinal cord to the brain

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4
Q

Name the parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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5
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory nerve

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6
Q

Which types of axon are carried by CN I?

A

Special sense (i.e. smell)

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7
Q

What structure does CN I pass through?

A

Foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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8
Q

What is the commonest cause of anosmia?

A

URTI (i.e. cold)

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9
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic nerve

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10
Q

What types of axon does CN II carry

A

Special sensory (i.e. vision)

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11
Q

What is significant about the route of CN II?

Hint: 2

A 
Optic canal (disc) is blind spot 
Optic chiasm is where the nerves cross over
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12
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the optic chiasm?

A

CLose to pituitary gland so tumours can cause problems

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13
Q

What is CN III?

A

Occulomotor nerve

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14
Q

What types of axon are carried by CN III?

A

Motor

Autonomic (parasympathetics that hitch-hike on it)

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15
Q

CN III: functions?

A

Innervation of 4/6 occular muscles

Pupil constriction

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16
Q

What will a patient with occulomotor lesion present with?

A

Down and out
Diplopia
Pupillary dilation

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17
Q

What improtant structure does CN III pass through?

A

Cavernous sinus

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18
Q

What, therefore, are the common causes of CN III lesions?

Hint: 4

A

Raised intracranial pressure
Aneurysm
Cavernous sinus thrombosis

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19
Q

Which muscle is responsible for retracting the eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae

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20
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

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21
Q

What is clinically significant about the route of CN IV?

A

Longest of all the cranial nerves as it is the only one to arise from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem

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22
Q

Whuch types of axon are carried by CN IV?

A

Motor

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23
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

Innervates on extra-ocular muscle

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24
Q

What makes CN IV lesions difficult to spot?

A

Symptoms can be corrected with a tilting of the head

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25
Q

How would a patient with CN IV typically present?

A

Cannot read properly or falls down the stairs i.e. cannot look down properly

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26
Q

What is CN V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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27
Q

Which types of axon are carried by CN V?

A

Motor

General sensory

28
Q

Name the main branches of CN V

A

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

29
Q

CN V: functions?

A

Innervation of muscles of mastication

Sensation to face

30
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens nerve

31
Q

Which two significant structures does CN VI pass through?

A

Superior orbital fossa

Cavernous sinus

32
Q

What types of axon are carried by CN VI?

A

Motor

33
Q

What is the only muscle innervated by CN VI?

A

Lateral rectus

34
Q

What classic symptom will patients with CN VI lesions present with?

A

Diplopia

35
Q

What feature of the route of CN VI makes it particularly susceptible to raised ICP?

A

Runs along the ventral surface of the pons up towards the cavernous sinus

36
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial nerve

37
Q

Describe the complex route of CN VII

Hint: 5 stages

A

Pons -> internal acoustic meatus -> petrous part of temporal bone -> branches off in ear -> stylomastoid foramen

38
Q

Which types of axon are carried by CN VII?

A

Motor
Special sensory
Autonomic

39
Q

What, then, are the functions of CN VII?

Hint: 3

A

Muscles of facial expression
Taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue
PS innervation to lacrimal & salivary glands

40
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

41
Q

What types of axon does CN VIII carry?

A

Special sensory

42
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Facial nerve palsy - one side of the face droops

43
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A

Hearing

Balance

44
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

45
Q

Which types of axon are carried by CN IX?

A

General Sesnory
Special Sensory
Autonomic
Motor

46
Q

What are the general sensory functions of CN IX?

Hint: 3 structures

A

Sensation of soft palate, tonsils and oropharynx

Also carotid body and sinus

47
Q

What are the special senory functions of CN IX?

A

Taste (and sensation) of posterior 1/3 of tongue

48
Q

What are the autonomic functions of CN IX?

A

Parotid gland

49
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

50
Q

Breifly desribe the rout of CN X

Hint: 3 steps

A

Medulla -> jugular foramen -> carotid sheath

51
Q

Which types of axon are carried by CN X?

A

General sensory
Motor
Autonomic
Special sensory

52
Q

What, then, are the general sensory functions of CN X

A

Laryngopharynx, larynx

53
Q

What are the motor functions of CN X?

A

Muscles of the soft plate, pharynx and larynx

54
Q

What are the autonomic functions of CN X?

A

Parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal viscera

55
Q

What is teh clinical relevence to a specific branch of CN X?

A

Recurrent laryngeal - can cuase hoarseness

56
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

57
Q

What types of axon are carried by CN XI?

A

Motor

58
Q

What, then, are the functions of CN XI?

A

Innervation of SCM and trapezius

59
Q

Which structure in the neck does CN XI run through?

A

Posterior triangle

60
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

61
Q

What types of axon are carried by CN XII?

A

Motor

62
Q

What, then, are the functions of CN XII?

A

Innervates muscles of the tongue

63
Q

How would a patient with CN XII lesions present?

A

Weakness and atrophy of tongue muscles on ipsilateral side

64
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus found?

A

Next to the lateral asspect of the body of the sphenoid bone

65
Q

Which artery is found in the cavernous sinus and why?

A

Internal carotid - allows for cooling of the blood before reaching the brain

66
Q

Which nerves are found within the cavernous sinus?

Hint: 3

A

CN III
CN IV
Opthalmic and maxillary branches of Trigeminal

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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