Repro Flashcards
what is the primary method of imaging
ultrasound, MRI if serious
what causes the ovaries to double in size
tumours, cysts, pregnancy
what is the function of the ovary
to produce an egg, and ovulate (release) it
what do you see when imaging the ovary
the follicle, the ovum is inside
how many oocytes do we have in one phase
about a dozen, to which only one survives out of the 2 ovaries
what is the corpus luteum
the part left behind after ovulation that produces progesterone
how many follicles are in an ovary and what differentiates them
many at different stages of development
what is the prognosis for ovarian cancer
very poor prognosis as it is hard to diagnose, and only found in investigation when it’s progressed significantly
what group is PCOS more common in
aboriginal / TS
what group is ovarian cancer more common in
older women, 50+
what does PCOS look like in an US
an ovary with follicles of the same size, which means they are actually cysts
what is the function of the uterine tube & other names
to catch the egg
fallopian
oviducts
what is an ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside the uterus, somewhere else in the uterine tube
what happens in an ectopic pregnancy of the uterine tube
the egg implants outside the uterus, and risks rupture of the tube. if this occurs, the foetus won’t survive, and if surgery is not completed immediately, the mother may not survive either
what happens if it implants in the cervix
still ectopic, and okay, but the placenta can grow across the cervix and means that the placenta comes first, and the baby might not have oxygen
what is placenta previa
placenta comes first in birth
what type of birth is required if an egg implants in the cervix
cesarian
what is the prognosis/risk of an abdominal pregancy
blood vessels may rupture, oesophageal varices
what are the causes of ectopic pregancy
salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD
what are the causes of ectopic pregnancy
salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix because it can’t pass through the passageway
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD
what is a hystero-sono-salipinography
hystero = uterus
sono = ultrasound
for patients with severe pain during pregnancy
occurs quite early in pregnancy
what is a hystero-salipingogram
contrast enhanced radiological procedure
to find blockages e.g. where the dye doesn’t spill out
is the uterus muscular
yes
what is the position of the uterus
anteverted & anteflexed
what makes the uterus tilt for better imaging
full bladder
what are the 3 tissue layers of the uterus
perimetrium = continous with peritoneum
myometrium = smooth muscle
endometrium = implantation, cyclical changes
what is the artery of the uterus
uterine artery
what are the phases of the ovarian cycle & the hormones produced
follicular phase = growing follice = oestrogen
luteal phase = ruptured follice = progesterone
what are the phases of the menstrual cycle [diagram in notes]
follicular = menstruation
follicular = proliferative phase = endometrial repair
luteal = secretory phase = progesterone comes in and thickens the uterine endometrium for nutrients to support embryo
luteal = progesterone keeps being secreted till the placenta can take over. if no pregnancy, progesterone falls away and we go to menstruation
what produces the oestrogens
the follicle
how long does the corpus luteum survive during pregnancy
up to 7 weeks (till placenta takes over)
where do most uterine cancers occur
> 90% in the endometrium
what is a uterine sarcoma
cancer of the muscle
what is the prognosis for uterine cancer
good because it’s diagnosed quite early
what is a leiomyoma
benign muscle tumour originating from the myometrium & stimulated by oestrogen because it stimulates proliferation
what group is more likely to get a leiomyoma & how are they diagnosed
women > 50
diagnosed by ultrasound & MRI & biopsy
need to also do chest imaging to rule out metastases
what is submucosal
endometrial cavity of uterus
what is intramural
myometrial layer of uterus
what is subserosal
outer wall of uterus
what is pendunculated
extends off the outer layer of the uterus
what muscle is the breast anchored to
pectoralis major
what is a common physical feature of tumours on the breast
lump created by suspensory ligaments (there are a lot on the breast)
where does the breast extend to
upper lateral quadrant (under armpit)
what is the function of the breast
to produce milk
what are myoepithelial cells
cells with muscular capability e.g. contraction to extract milk
can breast cancer metastasise [diagram]
it can if it’s not in situ e.g. breaching the basement membrane
does the menstrual cycle affect the breast
yes, secretory cells at the same time to produce milk
when is it best to image the breast
5-10th day of cycle (e.g. before luteal phase)
what is the endocrine component of the breast during pregnancy
progesterone & prolactin increase
number of alveoli increase
prolactin stimulates lactogenesis
progesterone inhibits milk production till placenta comes out during birth
what is density grades 1-4 and which is more likely to hide a tumour
amount of fat in breasts, dense breasts are more likely to hide a tumour
what is an invasive ductal carcinoma
most common form of breast cancer that metastasises via lymphs, common in women > 55
what is ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer that may become invasive
what is lobular carcinoma in situ
breast cancer that peaks in women aged 40-50
what do they biopsy when looking for breast cancer
inject a radioactive substance or dye into the sentinel lymph
what are mammographic features of malignancy
asymmetry
microcalcification
mass or distortion
malignant tumours have greater density
where do the majority of breast lymps drain
axillary lymph nodes
what are the lymph pathways that can enable metastases
medial pathways through pectoralis major and possibly contralateral breast
what happens if the sentinel node is not clear during biopsy
it means the surgery required will be more extensive because the tumour has spread
what temperature does spermatogenesis occur at
body temperature - 2 degrees
35.2 –> 36.8 - 2deg cel
what maintains the temperature of sperm
scrotum
what is dartos
a muscle that creates wrinkles in the scrotum to incr. surface area and help cool it down
what plexus of veins cools the sperm
pampiniform plexus
what is an inguinal hernia
the testes, like the ovaries starts in the abdominal cavity and takes a fold of peritoneum when it drops down
this space allows intestinal loops to drop down
what is the tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule around the testis
what is the purpose of the testis
to produce sperm
where is sperm made
seminiferous tubules
where is sperm stored for maturation
epididymis
what are sertoli cells
cells that support sperm production
what are leydig cells
cells that produce testosterone
how are the testis investigated
US
is testicular cancer rare
yes
where does ____ cancer originate from
seminiferous tubules
what is testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord that can be cogenital
diagnosed in adolescents after minor trauma
surgical emergency
how is testicular torsion imaged
usually needs surgery immediately, but can do a doppler
how does sperm move/ become motile
prostaglandins, mucus, fructose
what passes through the prostate gland, and what is a pathology of this
the urethra, can hypertrophy in older males
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia & how is it diagnosed
normal, non cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
usually close to rectum, so requires a digital rectal exam to check if it’s hypertrophied
then a transrectal US
what is the most common cancer in men & how is it diagnosed
prostate cancer
elevated PSA or prostatic enlargement, but high false positives
usually asymptomatic
does prostate cancer cause a urethral obstruction
rarely
point to the following:
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle
urinary bladder
prostate
epididymis
deep muscles of peritoneum
ductus deferens
spermatic cord
inguinal canal
diagram
point to the following:
internal os
external os
fundus
posterior fornix of vagina
labium minus
labium majus
fimbriae
