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Radiography 1 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the renal system

A
  • maintain body water balance
  • remove metabolic waste
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2
Q

describe the location of the kidney

A

retroperitoneal
vertebrae T12-L3

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3
Q

can the kidneys move with respiration

A

yes up to 4cm

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4
Q

can kidneys be bumpy

A

yes, can be of embryological origin

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5
Q

how is the kidney protected

A

ribs, however a fracture can damage them

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6
Q

is one kidney smaller than the other

A

not necessarily, sometimes it looks like that on imaging

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7
Q

how are kidneys investigated

A

CT, ultrasound to measure size

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8
Q

what muscle causes the kidneys to rotate/tilt

A

psoas major (it’s balanced on this muscle)

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9
Q

what is the renal fascia

A

a sheet fused to the peritoneum that looks to limit the movement of the kidney

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10
Q

what is the renal capsule

A

a layer of renal tissue that limits the volume of the kidney

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11
Q

what does fat look like on a kidney CT

A

black area around kidneys

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12
Q

what is the kidney divided into

A

cortex (outside)
medulla (inside)

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13
Q

how many pyramids to kidneys have

A

8-18

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14
Q

where does the pyramid empty into

A

minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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15
Q

where are the constriction points / where stones might lodge in the ureter

A
  • ureteropelvic junction
  • brim of pelvis
  • ureterovesicular junction
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16
Q

what is the main cause of pain from kidney stones

A

peristaltic action from muscle contraction

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17
Q

how is bladder rupture diagnosed

A

radio-opaque imaging

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18
Q

what is micturition

A

expulsion of urine from the body by relaxation of internal & external sphincters, and contraction of the bladder wall

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19
Q

where does most glomerular filtration occur

A

in the cortex

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20
Q

what is the process of blood filtration in glomerular filtration

A

glomerulus –> Bowman’s capsule –> loop of henle –> collecting ducts

21
Q

what is a fenestrated capillary

A

a capillary with small holes to filter urine

22
Q

how is renal function measured

A

GFR = glomerular filtration rate = volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule = serum creatinine concentration

more creatinine = worse renal function because it’s not being filtered

23
Q

why do we try to avoid contrast studies

A

they can damage kidneys if a patient has impaired renal function

24
Q

how is renovascular disease investigated

A

CT with contrast dye or angiography

25
Q

name the phases of kidney at different time points

A

blood in arterial system/ medulla –> into pyramid –> into renal pelvis

26
Q

how long is the corticomedullary phase & what does it indicate

A

25-80 seconds
delayed renal function

27
Q

how long is the nephrographic phase & what does it indicate

A

85 - 120 sec
delayed renal function

28
Q

how long is the excretory phase & what does it indicate

A

3-5 min after
delayed function & structure

29
Q

what is, and what is the purpose of urethrography and cystography

A

ureth = dye injected into urethra
cysto = dye injected into bladder

used to visualise blockages that lead to symptoms in patients e.g. trouble urinating

30
Q

is it possible to have severe reactions to contrast media

A

yes

31
Q

what are severe reactions to contrast media

A

decr. BP, shock, pulmonary oedema, anaphylaxis

nephrotoxicity incr. with dehydration and preexisting low GFR

32
Q

what is an ectopic kidney

A

doesn’t ascend from pelvis during development

33
Q

what is a horeshoe kidney

A

shape

34
Q

what is a double ureter

A

a kidney with 2 ureters

35
Q

what are symptoms of urinary tract disease

A

haematuria
flank pain
renal failure
infection

36
Q

what is haematuria & how is it diagnosed

A

blood in urine from malignancy, trauma, urolithiasis (stones)

CT urography

37
Q

what is urolithiasis & how is it diagnosed

A

stones from high urinary mineral concentrations, ph etc

CT/ultrasound

38
Q

what a renal cysts

A

balls of fluid - benign or malignant

more complex e.g. more tissues and blood supply is grade > 1 and requires investigation

39
Q

what % of renal tumours are malignant

A

90%

40
Q

how do you differentiate renal cysts and masses

A

enhancement media (tumours will be more enhanced due to blood supply)

41
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to blockage that includes excess fluid in the kidneys from the inability to urinate

congenital abnormality or outflow obstruction by calculi or prostatic hyperplasia or carcinoma (older adults)

42
Q

what causes renal infections & where can they ascend

A

intestinal flora, woman are more at risk due to shorter wider urethra

they can ascend the tract from the bladder to the kidney

43
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

infection of kidney

44
Q

how is renal trauma imaged

A

contrast enhanced CT

45
Q

what is renal failure

A

failure of the urinary tract to produce normal amounts of urine

46
Q

what is CKD & its symptoms

A

chronic kidney disease resulting in bilateral small kidney

usually asymptomatic, so by the time it’s found there is irreversible damage to kidneys and loss of function

47
Q

what is acute kidney injury and it’s causes & prognosis

A

sudden loss of renal function that develops over a few days

often reversible with no damage

caused by impaired or decreased blood flow, intrinsic renal change, obstruction

e.g. pre renal, renal, post renal

48
Q

what are the affects of CKD

A

incr. Ca, phosphate, decr. vitamin D

= decr. bone strength = fracture

= soft tissue calcification = cardiovascular disease

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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