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Radiography 1 > Infection & Immunology > Flashcards

Infection & Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a disease producing microbe

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2
Q

what are most infectious diseases caused by

A

bacteria & viruses

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3
Q

what do all microbes have that distinguishes them

A

a cell wall

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4
Q

what is an example of a gram + microbe

A

staph

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5
Q

what is an example of a gram - microbe

A

e.coli

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6
Q

what is unique about viruses

A

they can’t exist on their own and have to be inside living cells

can have DNA or RNA

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7
Q

what is a broad spectrum antibiotic for

A

both +ve and -ve grams

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8
Q

what other microbes can occur from pre-existing conditions

A

fungi in patients undergoing chemo because it knocks out the normal microbiome in a person. they don’t normall cause disease but they have the potential to overgrow once the other parts of gut flora have been wiped

protoza not typically infections unless there is an immunosuppressant

prions rare but cause mad cow

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9
Q

where are non infectious microbes usually present in the body & what is their role

A

skin, vagina, oral cavity, GIT

  • supporting immunity
  • production of vitamins & other chemicals e.g. vitamin K
  • protecting overgrowth of pathogenic microbes
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10
Q

why does a change in location lead to sickness sometimes

A

different microbes based on location, so it takes the body a while to get used to it

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11
Q

what can set back normal flora development during infancy

A

antibiotics

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12
Q

what is endogenous infection

A

infectious agents come from a person’s own microbiome

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13
Q

what is congenital infection

A

infectious agents passed from mother to child at birth or during pregnancy

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14
Q

what is exogenous infection

A

infectious agents from a source external to the patient resulting in cross infection

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15
Q

where do the majority of infections come from

A

exogenous

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16
Q

what are the stages of infectious disease

A

incubation - very mild, can be missed
prodromal - symptoms, illness
acute illness - can take medication or have medical intervention
convalescence - influenza takes weeks e.g. chronic carrier who is always producing, hep b

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17
Q

what carriers are most dangerous

A

chronic, asymptomatic, convalescent, passive (healthcare workers)

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18
Q

what is the difference between droplets and airborne

A

droplets are heavier

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19
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

a circulatory system returns fluid pushed out of the capillaries to venous circulation

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20
Q

where are lymphs located

A

along blood vessels

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21
Q

do lymphs contain red blood cells

A

no

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22
Q

what are B cells

A

cells in blood or body fluid

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23
Q

what are T cells

A

cells that tend to be located in the spleen and thymus

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24
Q

do we have lymphoid tissue in our airways

A

yes

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25
Q

where do B & T cells originate from

A

bone marrow

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26
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow - where B & T cells are produced
thymus - where they mature

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27
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen & tonsils, where the cells sit and wait

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28
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

hardly anything :)
only drains above the diaphragm on the right side

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29
Q

what does the spleen do during immune response

A

can expand, gets rid of red blood cells in the blood, stores red blood cells, does haematopoiesis

30
Q

where is the spleen (rib numbers)

A

9-11th ribs

31
Q

what happens if the spleen is removed

A

increases risk of infection, otherwise ok

32
Q

what is asplenia

A

congenital absence of splenic tissue or it’s iatrogenic or it’s just not functioning (tumours/vascualr disease)

33
Q

how does liver cirrhosis affect the spleen

A

causes issues with drainage in the splenic vein and portal vein because it can’t go to the liver, and can result in esophageal varices

34
Q

what body injury can indicate a ruptured spleen

A

fracture of left lower rib

35
Q

lymphadenopathy causes & definition

A

swollen lymphs

neoplasia - tumours that lodge in a lymph via lymphatic drainage from another site
lymph infection
drugs
reaction to immune responses

36
Q

does pathology always increase the size of the lymph

A

not really, it can make it harder

37
Q

what is lymphoedema, affects and causes?

A

accumulation of fluid in tissue from impaired lymphatic drainage

causes inflammation, hypertrophy of adipose tissue (chronic) & fibrosis

caused by primary - hereditary or congenital
secondary - trauma that damages lymph drainage, cancer, surgery

38
Q

primary functions of lymphatic system

A
  • return of excess interstitial fluid to blood
  • transportation of fat & fat soluble vitamins via lacteals because we can’t digest lipids the same way we digest proteins and carbs directly across the abdominal wall. it has to be emulsified by bile
  • body system responsible for immune responses
39
Q

what are the 3 lines of defence

A

natural - skin, tears, eyelids, vomit, defecation
innate - immunity, inflammation
acquired - lymphocytes & antibodies

40
Q

what are neutrophils

A

the first phagocytes involved in immune response

end up as pus

41
Q

what are macrophages

A

sustained
activate other immune cells

42
Q

what are signs of inflammation (acute)

A

heat
redness
oedema
pain
loss of function

43
Q

what innate

A

something you’re born with

44
Q

do inflammatory responses damage tissue

A

yes, but it can also heal

45
Q

what factors affect healing

A

type of tissue
extent of damage
duration of inflammation
others

46
Q

what is the diff between chronic and acute inflammation

A

chronic has an ongoing stimulus

47
Q

how is inflammation visualised

A

size
fat - fluid in fat indicated on ct

48
Q

what should specific immunity work against

A

specific foreign antigens

49
Q

what is humoural immunity

A

production of antibodies

50
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

production of effector cells in response to viruses, tumours etc

they activate T cells

51
Q

what do NK cells target

A

virus infected and cancer cells

52
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies

53
Q

what immunity is associated with B-lymphocytes

A

humoural in response to antigens from bacteria, free viruses etc

54
Q

what does a complement do

A

cell lysis - produces holes in cells

55
Q

what are the different types of T cells

A

killer, helper, suppressor

56
Q

what do memory B & T cells lead to

A

active & passive immunity

57
Q

what is IgM

A

acute phase antibody (always there first)

58
Q

what is IgG

A

secondary immune response (the memory antibody)

significant post vaccine etc

59
Q

are T& B cells acquired immunity

A

yes

60
Q

are antibodies and cytokines acquired immunity

A

yes

61
Q

what is hypersensitivity

A

an over or altered reaction of the immune system

62
Q

what are the types of hypersensitivity & their occurence & examples

A

immediate, cytotoxic & immune complex, delayed
type I, type II, type III, type IV
few min, few hours, after a few hours, after 24hrs, within 72
anaphylaxis, incompatible blood transfusion, rheumatoid arthritis, mantoux test for TB

63
Q

what leads to anaphylaxis

A

spread of allergen, produce large amounts of IgE, oedema, blood vessels become leaky

medical emergency

64
Q

how is anaphylaxis treated

A

adrenaline/ epipen

65
Q

what are contrast allergies and are they common and what increases the risk and waht are the reactions

A

not common, within 20min

severe, life threatening, idiosyncratic, anaphylactoid reaction from contrast media

  • same effects as anaphylaxis but not the same because it doesn’t produce IgE
  • don’t require prev exposure

increased risk:
- age
- asthma
- dehydration
- prev history

reactions:
- hives
- itching
- runny nose

  • life threatening arrythmia
  • hypotension
  • oedema
  • seizures
  • death
66
Q

what are non-idiosyncratic reactions to contrast media

A

more common and predictable

  • warm metallic taste in the mouth
  • arrhythmia
  • 30min - 7 days
67
Q

what is autoimmunity & it’s causes

A

unresponsiveness of immune system or immune dysregulation

combination of environment, immune system, genetics
- viral infections, drugs, genetic

68
Q

can autoimmune diseases be localised or systemic

A

both

69
Q

are autoimmune diseases rheumatological (joints) or vascular

A

both

70
Q

what diseases are localised autoimmune

A

addison’s disease
coeliac disease
crohn’s
diabetes type 1a
grave’s
multiple sclerosis
ulcerative colitis

71
Q

what diseases are systemic autoimmune

A

lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
dermatomyositis
scleroderma

72
Q

what is immunodeficiency

A

primary - one or more components of immune system missing as a congenital condition e.g. antibodies, T cells, B cells

secondary - acquired e.g. malnutrition means you don’t have all the components to produce antibodies, genetic diseases like diabetes, immunosuppressants, surgery, trauma, burns

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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