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Radiography 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is anterior to the mediastinum

A

sternum

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2
Q

what is lateral to the mediastinum

A

pleurae of lungs

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3
Q

what is posterior to the mediastinum

A

vertebrae T4 - T11

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4
Q

what is superior/inferior to the mediastinum

A

superior = thoracic inlet
inferior = diaphragm

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5
Q

what is contained within the mediastinum

A
  • heart
  • great vessels
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thoracic duct
  • thymus
  • azygos venous system
  • nerves
  • lymph nodes
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6
Q

what is the function of the pericardium

A
  • protect & anchor the heart
  • prevent friction
  • prevent overfilling with blood
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7
Q

list the layers of the heart wall in order

A
  • pericardium
  • epicardium / serous pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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8
Q

what are the surfaces of the heart

A
  • sternocostal
  • diaphragmatic
  • left & right pulmonary
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9
Q

what vertebrae is posterior to the heart in a CT

A

T7

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10
Q

what is another name for the pulmonary valve and where is it

A

right semilunar
between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

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11
Q

what is another name for the aortic valve and where is it

A

left semilunar
between aorta & left ventricle

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12
Q

what are the valves between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular

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13
Q

what are the valves between the ventricles and lungs/body

A

pulmonary & aortic

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14
Q

what is another name for the mitral valve and where is it

A

bicuspid/left atrioventricular valve

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15
Q

what is another name for the tricuspid valve and where is it

A

right atrioventricular valve

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16
Q

what is a lumen

A

a cavity within a tubular structure e.g. blood flows to the heart through the lumen of the superior vena cava

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17
Q

what kind of pump is the heart

A

a dual pump because both sides simultaneously pump equal amounts of blood

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18
Q

what is the path of blood from the LA

A

LA –> bicuspid valve –> LV –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –> systemic circulation

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19
Q

what is the path of blood from the RA

A

RA –> tricuspid valve –> RV –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> PA –> lungs

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20
Q

what circulation is loaded with O2 and has CO2 removed

A

pulmonary

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21
Q

what circulation is loaded with CO2 and has O2 removed

A

systemic, it’s delivering O2 and collecting CO2

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22
Q

what kind of pressure does the pulmonary circulation have

A

low pressure, whereas systemic has high pressure

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23
Q

what is anastomosis

A

connection between blood vessels e.g. vein-vein, artery-artery, artery-vein

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24
Q

what proportion of the chest diameter should the cardiac silhouette occupy

A

< 50%

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25
Q

what is the retrosternal space and why is it important

A

lucent area between the sternum and heart
if it’s reduced in an xray it indicates an issue

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26
Q

what does parietal mean

A

top e.g. parietal bone

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27
Q

what does visceral mean

A

deep e.g. visceral organs

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28
Q

what is a sulcus

A

depression or groove e.g. the coronary sulcuses

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29
Q

in terms of the atrioventricular valves - why are they tri and bicuspid

A

tri because the right ventricle’s lumen is semilunar
bi because the left ventricle’s lumen is circular and easier to cover

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30
Q

what are the functions of the heart

A
  • deliver waste back to lungs for removal
  • work with other body systems to control rhythm and speed of heart rate
  • maintain blood pressure
  • pump blood & O2 around body
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31
Q

what is the cardiac intrinsic conduction process

A

SA/pacemaker –> AV node –> AV bundle of His –> bundle branches –> purkinje fibres

SA causes atrial contraction
purkinje fibres cause ventricular contraction

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32
Q

what is a syncytium

A

both atrial and ventricular

an arrangement of muscle fibres in which they fuse together to create an interconnected mass

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33
Q

what are the parts of the ECG

A

P = atrial depolarisation
P-Q = conduction time from atrial to ventricular excitation
QRS = ventricular depolarisation (left first)
R = left S = right
T = ventricular repolarisation

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34
Q

what are the abnormalities that ECGs detect

A

rate, rhythm, cardiac myopathies

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35
Q

what is the purpose of beta blockers

A

slowing down the heart rate. it can improve imaging
can also decrease BP

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36
Q

what does cardiac output inform

A

strength and health of heart

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37
Q

what is the formula for CO

A

SV * HR

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38
Q

what is normal SV

A

ml/beat = 70mL

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39
Q

what is the SV formula

A

EDV - ESV

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40
Q

what is ejection fraction & normal values

A

SV/EDV
65% - 80%

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41
Q

what is EDV & ESV

A

amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of either systole or diastole

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42
Q

does ejection fraction change with age and is it better to be higher or lower

A

no
higher because it indicates the heart is pumping more blood in one pump

43
Q

what are the factors that affect cardiac output

A

HR
- autonomic nervous system
- hormones

SV
- EDV
- ESV

44
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

cells that respond to changes in BP

45
Q

how do epinephrine & norepinephrine work on the HR

A

they promote vasoconstriction, which increases BP
heart contractility

46
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do

A

negatively inotropic
blocks Ca channels which decreases HR

47
Q

how is CO controlled

A

CO = HR * SV
HR = hormones & autonomic nervous system, sympathetic incr. para decr.
SV = EDV, ESV

48
Q

what is the Frank-Starling principle

A

ventricular output increases as pre-load (end diastolic pressure) increases e.g. more return = more contraction

49
Q

name main arteries & veins

A

diagram

50
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

tunica externa –> tunica media –> tunica intima

51
Q

where are the smooth muscle/elastic fibres in blood vessels

A

between tunica media & intima

52
Q

what increases resistance in arteries

A

size of lumen (smaller = more resistance)

53
Q

which has valves? arteries, veins, or both?

A

veins have valves so that blood doesn’t flow backward because they transport blood at a low pressure

54
Q

what is the property of blood in terms of directional flow

A

flows from high pressure point to low pressure point

55
Q

what is the purpose of artierioles

A

reducing pressure before it gets to capillaries so they don’t burst, and gas exchange can occur

56
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

accumulation of blood in veins that forms clots. clots can dislodge and create blockages

57
Q

what is the pressure of blood in decreasing order

A

elastic arteries –> muscular arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> venae cavae

58
Q

what affects blood flow

A

vessel radius, blood viscosity, vessel length

59
Q

what is standard BP

A

120/80 mmHg

60
Q

when is systolic pressure measured

A

peak measured during ventricular systole

61
Q

when is diastolic pressure measured

A

min BP at the end of ventricular diastole

62
Q

hypotension bp

A

90/60 mmHg

63
Q

hypertension bp

A

140-159/90-99 mmHg

64
Q

low bp

A

< 90/60 mmHg

65
Q

normal bp

A

< 120/80 mmHg

66
Q

elevated bp

A

120-129/80-89 mmHg

67
Q

high bp stage 1

A

130-139/80-89 mmHg

68
Q

high bp stage 2

A

> 140/90 mmHg

69
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

> 180/120 mmHg

70
Q

what’s more important? systolic or diastolic?

A

systolic because it’s indicative of contraction

71
Q

why do we feint with low bp

A

easier for heart to perfuse the brain when the whole body is on the same plane

72
Q

what is the difference between the cardiovascular & lymphatic system

A

cardio transports, lymph is part of immune system
cardio is closed, lymph is open
cardio has a pump, lymph doesn’t
cardio has red blood cells, lymph is plasma
heart pumps 20L, 17L returned, 3L is lymph system

73
Q

what is prospective ecg gating

A

image at specific point in cardiac cycle

74
Q

what is prospective ecg gating

A

imaging performed consistently

75
Q

what nerve controls heart rate

A

cranial nerve 10 e.g. vagus

76
Q

what is the purpose of baroreceptors

A

sense changes in blood pressure

77
Q

what is the purpose of chemoreceptors

A

sense changes in concentrations of O2 & CO2

78
Q

how does Na affect BP

A

more Na retention in kidneys = more water retention = inc blood vol = inc BP

79
Q

what is a heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

80
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

when blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, and heart muscle cells die. often the result of thrombosis

81
Q

what level of occlusion causes asymptomatic CAD

A

<50% narrowing, but still symptomatic in vigorous exercise

82
Q

what is atherosclerosis & it’s risk factors

A

slow progressive disease where plaque builds in the arteries

risk factors are age, smoking, obesity, high cholestrol, high BP

83
Q

what does ischemic heart disease look like on an angiogram

A

areas have no blood flow, and heart can build more branches to supply blood

84
Q

what is angina

A

blocking or constriction of a blood vessel in the heart e.g. coronary artery that results in chest pain

85
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

bulging in the blood vessel that is > 50% of it’s normal diameter

often asymptomatic and at risk of bursting

86
Q

what is heart failure

A
  • muscle is pumping blood as well as it should
  • harder to fill chambers
  • venous pressure goes up causing back pressure through the venous system
  • high pressure in capillaries forces water into tissues
87
Q

how do you tell which side of the heart is failing

A

left = pulmonary congestion & oedema because the left veins drain the lungs

right = congestion & oedema of lower extremities because the right side veins drain the abdomen, ankles etc

88
Q

what is systolic dysfunction

A

left side heart failure
- poor LV contraction
- defect is with relaxation of LV and delayed filling
- causes are myocardial infarction
- lung congestion

89
Q

what is diastolic dysfunction

A

right side heart failure
- RV fails due to left side heart failure or respiratory disease
- congestion/oedema of lower extremities

90
Q

what is cardiomyopathy & the 3 types

A

disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder to pump blood to the rest of the body

dilated: dilation of all 4 chambers
hypertrophic: muscle thickens
restrictive: restricted filling because LV is hypertrophic

91
Q

what are the two categories of heart failure

A

systolic & diastolic

92
Q

how is cardiac failure assessed

A

plain radiographs, echocardiogram, doppler, radionucleotide ventriculography

93
Q

what is valvular heart disease & the most common valve

A

disease or damage of heart valves

aortic because it’s the area with the most pressure

94
Q

what are some diseases of the valves

A

stenosis = valves is narrowed and stiff so can’t fully open
regurgitation = valve is leaky
prolapse = the valve slips out of place

95
Q

what can valvular heart disease lead to

A

heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, death

96
Q

how do you diagnosis valvular heart disease

A

murmurs through auscultation
echocardiography

97
Q

what are symptoms of valvular heart diseas

A

whoosing heart murmur
angina
abdominal swelling
dyspnea

98
Q

how is valvular heart disease treated

A

drugs, surgery, artificial valve replacement

99
Q

what is congenital heart disease

A

heart structure defects present at birth e.g. atrial septal defect

patent foramen ovale (fossa ovalis is not closed)

100
Q

what are the pericardial diseases

A

acute pericarditis
constrictive pericarditis

101
Q

what is acute pericarditis

A

infection

102
Q

what is constrictive pericarditis

A

stiffer & thicker than normal, calcification in CTs

103
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in pericardium as a result of inflammation

104
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

extreme pericardial effusion e.g. lots of fluid in pericardial space

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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