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Radiography 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the endocrine system take a while to work

A
  • Don’t need rapid response
  • Long term response
  • Longer than nervous system because it’s transmitted via blood
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2
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that work via the neurons for a short-term response

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3
Q

Are neurotransmitters pre or post synaptic

A

The neurotransmitter is released in a regulated fashion from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter binds to a post synaptic receptor and produces a response in the postsynaptic neuron

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4
Q

How does a post-synaptic cell receive a signal

A

They have receptors that are designed to receive that specific signal so it doesn’t bind to random cells in the body

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5
Q

What are hormones and what type of model do the cells have

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands or tissue that circulate in the blood. most are bound to proteins

they carry instructions from one part of the body to another

lock & key model for interaction with receptors

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6
Q

what is a gland

A

a collection of epithelial cells that produce secretions
- endo and exo crine

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7
Q

what is the diff between endocrine & exocrine glands

A

the difference is the location in which secretions are released

exocrine secretions are released into ducts e.g. tears, saliva, digestive enzymes in the pancreas

endocrine secretions are released into the blood and transported via the blood to target cells e.g. insulin & glucagon in pancreas, and 9 different hormones of the pituitary gland

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8
Q

what is the process of a hormone circulating in the blood and binding to it’s receptor

A
  1. hormone is secreted by endocrine glands or tissue & circulate in the blood
  2. hormones carry instructions from one part of the body to another
  3. hormone reacts with specific receptors on or inside the target cell
  4. a cell response is activated & alters metabolic activities of many tissues & organs simultaneously
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9
Q

how long can bound and unbound hormones remain in the circulation

A

unbound < 1hr, bound = days

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10
Q

what are the structures of hormones [EXAM Q DONT NEED TO KNOW STRUCTURE]

A
  1. lipid soluble = steroid, T3, T4
  2. water soluble = lipid insoluble = amino acid derivatives, peptides, protein hormones
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11
Q

what do hormones activate

A

a cellular response

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12
Q

where are the receptors of lipid-soluble hormones

A

pass through lipid rich plasma membrane to bind with receptor in nucleus or cytoplasm

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13
Q

how do water soluble hormones bind

A

second messenger system to get information to nucleus
they can only interact with the surface of the target cell
activates G protein –> amplifier enzyme –> adencylate cylcase –>

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14
Q

how are endocrine glands controlled

A
  • feedback mechanism (-ve & +ve)
  • simple control: changes in comp of extracellular fluid e.g. blood glucose = insulin / glucagon
  • complex control: several hormones e.g. stress = crh, acth, cortisol. ovarian cycle = GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
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15
Q

what is simple endocrine control

A

vital parameter –> sensor –> control centre –> effector –> response

blood gluc –> pancreatic beta cells –> pancreatic beta-cells again –> insulin –> cells in liver etc. take & store glucose = normal levels of blood sugar –> pancreatic cells will stop producing insulin

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16
Q

what is complex endocrine control

A

vital parameter –> sensor –> control centre –> MULTIPLE EFFECTORS –> response

stress –> hypothalamus –> hypothalamus –> CRH –> ACTH in pituitary –> cortisol (adrenal) –> cortisol targets body cells

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17
Q

describe feedback control of endocrine secretion at hypothalamus

A

diagram

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18
Q

don’t need to know names of hypothalamus anatomy but what their functions are

A
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19
Q

what is the exception to the hypothalamus releasing hormones that act on the anterior or posterior pituitary

A

directly stimulates release of 2 hormones (epi & norepi) from adrenal glands

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20
Q

what are the ways the hypothalamus controls hormones

A
  1. synthesises & secretes 7 regulatory hormones
  2. synthesises ADH (antidiuretic) & OXT (oxytocin)
  3. directly stimulates release of epinephrine & norepinephrine
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21
Q

what 7 regulatory hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize & secrete & what is their purpose

A

GHRH = growth hormone releasing hormone
GHIH = growth hormone inhibiting hormone
PRF = prolactin releasing factor
PIF = prolactin inhibiting factor
TRH = thyrotropin releasing hormone
GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone
CRH = corticotropin releasing hormone

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22
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates the adenohypophysis to secrete which 6 hormones

A

GH: stimulates liver, cartilage, bone, muscle etc. to synthesise and secrete insulin like growth factors

PRL: prolactin for milk secretion by mammary glands

TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone

FSH: follicle stimulating hormone for secretion of estrogen from ovaries in women & sperm from testes in men

LH: lutenizing hormone for estrogen & progesterone during ovulation & testosterone from testes

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone for secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex

MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone, exact purpose unknown but causes skin darkening

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23
Q

learn general details of the hormones

A
24
Q

what is the purpose of oxytocin apart from emotions

A

contractions during labour

25
Q

what are the effects of a pituitary tumour on GH

A

tumor has more cells so more growth hormone is being secreted at excessive levels:
1. pituitary gigantism
2. acromegaly: excess growth hormones after growth plates have closed

26
Q

where is the thyroid gland and what is made of

A

made of follicles that secrete thyroid hormones

27
Q

what are the thyroid gland hormones & their difference

A

calcitonin: secreted by parafollicular/C cells for homeostasis of calcium

T3: pre-cursor

T4: active form

difference: iodine group (extra in T4)

28
Q

what is the purpose of thyroid hormones

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • increase protein synthesis via O2 consumption and ATP production
  • inc carb & lipid metabolism
29
Q

how is the thyroid hormone controlled [EXAM Q ON INPUTS, OUTPUTS, CONTROLLERS]

A

negative feedback loop

  1. TRH via hypothalamus regulatory hormone
  2. TSH via anterior pituitary hormone
  3. T3 & T4
  4. effector cells
30
Q

what is hypothyroidism [EXAM Q]

name causes & clincial features

A

causes = autoimmune e.g. hashimoto’s or iodine deficiency

clinical features = incr TSH, decr metabolic rate, muscle weakness, CNS dysfunction, goitre

31
Q

what is hyperthyroidism & it’s causes & distinguishing clinical features [EXAM Q]

A

excess T3 & T4
causes = Grave’s autoimmune disease (most common), metastatic thyroid tumour, no -ve feedback

clinical features = incr metabolic rate, excessive sweating, weight loss, nervousness, hyperactivity, incr systolic pressure, decr diastolic pressure, incr peripheral vasodilation

32
Q

CT of normal vs enlarged thyroid gland

A
33
Q

what is the purpose of the parathyroid glands & what are it’s pathologies

A

malfunction = parathyroid adenoma

34
Q

what are calcium homeostasis abnormalities

A

hypoparathyroidism

hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

how are pancreatic hormones controlled

A

when blood glucose levels increase, beta cells secrete insulin to transport it across plasma membranes

when blood glucose levels decrease, alpha cells release glucagon to stimulate glucose release from glycogen stores in the liver

36
Q

why do you need to fast before a blood test

A
37
Q

how is excess glucose stored

A

as glycogen in the liver

38
Q

what are the abnormal functions of pancreas

A

diabetes:
1. type 1:
- insulin dependent, autoimmune disorder
- inadequate insulin production

  1. type 2:
    - reduced insulin sensitivity, or insulin resistant
    -caused by obesity, age, family history
39
Q

what are clincial signs of type I diabetes

A

hyperglycemic
excessive hunger (polyphagia)
incr glusone in urine
dehydration (polydipsia)
decr blood volume & pressure
coma & death

40
Q

what are clinical signs of type II diabetes

A

(same as type 1)
hyperglycemic
excessive hunger (polyphagia)
incr glusone in urine
dehydration (polydipsia)
decr blood volume & pressure
coma & death

41
Q

what are the adrenal glands & another term for them

A

suprarenal

42
Q

what are the parts of the adrenal glands & their functions

A
43
Q

what are the disorders of adrenal function

A

medulla:
- formed from neuroendocrine cells, so associated with nervous system
- pheochromocytoma = neuroendocrine tumour that can be fatal if untreated
- addison’s disease

cortex:
- cushing’s syndrome
- cushing’s disease
- high levels of cortisol in general = toxic to cells, disturbance of cells and homeostasis

44
Q

what is leptin

A

peptide hormone that produces adipocytes
signals size of fat stores
regulates energy expenditure by inhibiting hunger

45
Q

what are clinical signs of leptin deficiency

A
  • abnormal eating behaviours
  • delayed puberty
46
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

47
Q

what bone does they hypophysis lie with in

A

sella turcica

48
Q

how are anterior pituitary hormones transported

A

via systemic blood supply to target cells

49
Q

what is addison’s disease, it’s causes & symptoms

A

insufficient amounts of adrenal cortex hormones, particularly cortisol

caused by stress

symptoms are fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhoea

50
Q

what is cushing’s disease, it’s causes

A

tumour in pituitary gland that stimulates excessive ACTH release = excess glucocorticoids from adrenal gland = mainly cortisol

51
Q

what is cushing’s syndrome, it’s causes

A

exposure to excessive levels of cortisol via excess steroid medication or excess production of an endogenous hormone

52
Q

what are symptoms of cushings

A

rapid weight gain, sweating, hirsutism, insomnia, reduced libido, infertility

53
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism, causes & symptoms

A

decr parathyroid hormone = decreased Ca in blood = hypocalcemia

causes are intestinal malabsorption of Ca
kidney disease causing decreased Ca absorption
decr mobilisation of Ca from bone

symptoms are neurological e.g. neuromuscular excitability

54
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism, causes & symptoms

A

overactivity of the parathyroid gland = over secretion of PTH = high sustained Ca = hypercalcemic

causes are PT tumours, or response to low Ca and it’s causes

55
Q

what is cretinism

A

congenital hypothyroidism that’s left untreated and results in severe physical & mental stunting

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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