Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Label an image of the anatomy
Picture
What do sinuses look like on an xray
Holes
Where do all sinuses empty
Nasopharanx
What are the functions of sinuses
Lighten skull
Secrete mucous
When do sinuses form
Post-natally
Where can molars grow up into
Maxillary sinus, so they take xrays to check
How does the skull develop
- Endochondral ossification
- Intramembranous ossification
What does endochodral mean
endo = within
chondra = cartilage
ossification = making bone
All long bones do it
Base of the skull
What are the problems that need to be addressed by the two modes of skull development when a baby is developing and how are they solved
- The brain is formed and needs to be protected
- The head needs to come out during birth
a. Sutures allow room for movement, so bones can overlap each other (pointy head) and the brain is still protected
b. The cranial nerves can still travel through cartilage
What is mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue.
Contains fibroblasts
What is the endochondral ossification process
Fibroblasts in mesenchyme –> chondrocytes –> cartilage model –> ossification
What is intramembranous ossification & process
Mesenchyme directly forms bone for vault of the skull
Fibroblasts –> osteocytes –> bone
What action is most reduced in the lumbar region
Rotation, to prevent
What is the action of rectus abdominis
Flex vertebral column
What are the groups of vertebrae
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacarl, coccygeal
How many cervical
7
How many thoracic
12
How many lumbar
5
How many sacral and coccygeal
1 of each
What curve is present at birth & postnatally
Thoracic & sacral (curled up fetal position)
Cervical & lumbar are postnatal because they’re when the baby lifts it’s head and begins to walk and stand
What is kyphosis
Excessive posterior curvature, generally in thoracic
Old person hunched over
What’s lordosis and what causes it
Excessive anterior curvature, can shift weight bearing to joints instead of vertebrae resulting in pain because joints increase in size potentially impeding on nerves
Weightlifting, pregnancy, obesity
Think of gymnast bending backwards abnormally
What is congenital scheuermanns
kyphosis
What causes kyphosis
Congenital
Postural
Disease like osteoporosis –> also leads to lordosis
What is scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
Spine literally curved to side
What is spondylolisthesis
Acquired lordosis, where lumbar vertebrae slide forward
What is a pedicle
Feet
What’s a z/zygapophyseal joint
Synovial joint
Difference between thoracic & lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic is rotation, lumbar is flexion. Thoracic will be smaller in diameter, and lumbar will be larger
What type is the intervertebral joint
Fibrous shock absorbing joint. Largest in lumbar region. Have annulus fibrosus that limit rotation
What is distinguishing about cervical vertebrae vs others
Holes for vertebral arteries
Bifid tip on spinous process
Others don’t have as many pieces
What is the scotty dog sign & how do you view it
Oblique view of xray
When superior articular facet smashes into laminar below. Caused by muscles pushing the vertebrae together e.g. bad bowling technique
Fracture is when scotty dog gets a collar
What movement does the erector spinae group have
lateral flexion & extension
What movement does the transversospinalis group have
rotation
Point to psoas major
picture
What are the six pack muscles (that some people might not have) & movements
Rectus abdominis (pair) joined by intertendinous connections to flex vertebral column
Look at cross-section horizontal view
What muscles will help with lumbar lordosis (posterior tilt)
Strong abs & relaxed hamstrings
What muscles increase the anterior tilt
Erector spinae & rectus femoris
What is the diff between true and false ribs
True, 1-7 connect directly to manubrium & sternum
False, 8-12 indirect articulation to sternum
What is the purpose of the costotransverse joint
Highly mobile joint that dictates where and how to rib moves
Pump handle movement
Occurs in upper ribs to allow for inspiration and increase AP diameter
Bucket handle
Lower ribs, increased transverse diameter
How does the diaphragm perform inspiration
Lowers to increase vertical diameter
How do the intercostal muscles perform inspiration
Pump & bucket handle movements
Muscles of quiet inspiration
75% diaphragm, 25% intercostal
Mostly passive
Inspiratory muscles are used as a brake for early expiration (i.e. lungs are not collapsed)
Accessory muscles of rib elevation (forced inspiration)
Latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, trapezius, latissimus dorsi
How do the muscles of forced expiration work
Abdominal cavity & thoracic cavity work together.
Squeezing down in abdominal cavity & increasing pressure pushes pressure up into thoracic cavity & diaphragm –> expiration
What can increase the risk of pneumonia in this case
If forced expiration can’t be completed due to weak abdominal muscles, then it increases the risk because air can’t be expelled
